Table 4 Validated scales 24 months post index-test by SARS-CoV-2 status, stratified by PCCa at 24 months (N (%), mean (SD))

From: A 24-month National Cohort Study examining long-term effects of COVID-19 in children and young people

 

SARS-CoV-2 initial-negatives (NN; N = 4534)

SARS-CoV-2 initial-positives (PN; N = 5177)

SARS-CoV-2 positive & reinfected (PP; N = 519e)

SARS-CoV-2 negative & infected (NP; N = 2402e)

At 24 months

Not meeting PCC definition (n = 3490)

Meeting PCC definitiona (n = 1044)

Not meeting PCC definition

(n = 3893)

Meeting PCC definitiona (n = 1284)

Not meeting PCC definition

(n = 363)

Meeting PCC definitiona

(n = 156)

Not meeting PCC definition (n = 1778)

Meeting PCC definitiona

(n = 624)

Characteristics at 24-months post index-test: Mean (SD) or Median (IQR)

SDQ

Total difficulties

10.9 (5.9)

17.1 (6.1)

10.5 (5.8)

16.4 (6.0)

10.4 (6.0)

17.5 (6.4)

10.8 (5.9)

16.7 (6.4)

Emotional symptoms

3.4 (2.4)

5.9 (2.5)

3.3 (2.4)

5.7 (2.4)

3.3 (2.4)

6.2 (2.4)

3.3 (2.3)

5.9 (2.6)

Conduct problems

1.5 (1.4)

2.2 (1.8)

1.4 (1.5)

2.2 (1.7)

1.5 (1.5)

2.6 (1.9)

1.5 (1.5)

2.2 (1.8)

Hyperactivity/inattention

3.9 (2.5)

5.7 (2.5)

3.8 (2.5)

5.5 (2.5)

3.7 (2.6)

5.6 (2.5)

3.9 (2.6)

5.6 (2.6)

Peer relationship problem

2.2 (1.8)

3.3 (2.2)

2.1 (1.7)

3.0 (2.0)

2.0 (1.8)

3.2 (2.2)

2.0 (1.8)

3.0 (2.0)

SWEMWBS

21.8 (4.0)

18.8 (3.4)

21.9 (3.9)

19.1 (3.5)

22.3 (4.4)

18.6 (3.1)

21.9 (4.1)

19.0 (3.5)

Chalder fatigue scale

12.7 (4.4)

18.1 (5.6)

12.8 (4.3)

18.5 (5.7)

12.6 (4.3)

19.7 (5.7)

12.7 (4.2)

18.6 (5.8)

Self-rated healthb

85 (80, 95)

70 (50, 80)

90 (80, 95)

70 (55, 80)

90 (80, 95)

70 (55, 80)

90 (80, 95)

70 (55, 80)

Symptom severityb,c

50 (30,60)

60 (40,70)

50 (30, 60)

60 (40, 70)

40 (20, 60)

60 (45, 70)

50 (30, 60)

60 (40, 70)

Symptom impactb,d

40 (10,60)

50 (30,80)

40 (10, 60)

50 (30, 80)

30 (10, 60)

60 (30, 80)

40 (20, 60)

60 (40, 80)

  1. A higher SDQ score indicates more problems; a higher SWEMWBS score indicates better mental well-being; a higher fatigue score is more severe.
  2. SDQ strengths and difficulties questionnaire, SWEMBS short Warwick–Edinburgh mental wellbeing scale.
  3. aUsing data from the questionnaire on symptoms and the EQ-5D-Y scale at the time of the questionnaire (i.e., approximately 24 months after the index PCR test), PCC was operationalized as having at least 1 symptom and experiencing some/a lot of problems with respect to mobility, self-care, doing usual activities or having pain/discomfort or feeling very worried/sad. For the NN group, we excluded the need for a positive PCR test. Number of symptoms and the EQ-5D-Y scale at 24 months are not shown in this table, as they are part of the definition of PCC.
  4. bReported as median(IQR), scored on a scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best) for self-rated health; 0 (not severe at all) to 100 (extremely severe) for symptom severity; 0 (no impact) to 100 (extreme impact) for symptom impact.
  5. cFor the PP and NP groups, the timing of the (re)infection is uncertain.
  6. dBased on sub-sample N = 4977.
  7. eBased on sub-sample N = 4972.
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