Fig. 5: The effect of TGF-β on endometrial homoeostasis in vitro and in vivo.

a, b Alternative transcript usage induced by TGF-β treatment in decidualized THESC cell line. a Members of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family: HNRNPA1, HNRNPA2B1, and HNRNPC. b ECM-related genes (FN1, POSTN) and the immune-related gene CD59. Sample size per group is 3. c Effect of TP-0184 (ACVR inhibitor; left panel) and BAY MEKi (MEK inhibitor; right panel) on menstrual-like bleeding in a murine model. Two independent in vivo experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of TP-0184 (an ACVR inhibitor) and BAY-533 (a MEK inhibitor); the sample size for each group is 10. Both treatments showed a significant reduction in total uterine blood loss. Blood loss was quantified via alkaline elution of tampons and corrected for background levels. Data represents the mean with standard deviation from ten experiments per treatment group. Statistical significance was assessed using Student’s t-test (*p < 0.05; ****p < 0.0001).