Fig. 3: Binary logistic regression analysis of inflammatory biomarkers associated with dementia conversion in knee osteoarthritis patients (n = 36 biologically independent human participants). | Communications Medicine

Fig. 3: Binary logistic regression analysis of inflammatory biomarkers associated with dementia conversion in knee osteoarthritis patients (n = 36 biologically independent human participants).

From: Longitudinal MRI identifies associations between cognitive decline, inflammatory markers, and hippocampal subregion volumes in individuals with knee osteoarthritis

Fig. 3: Binary logistic regression analysis of inflammatory biomarkers associated with dementia conversion in knee osteoarthritis patients (n = 36 biologically independent human participants).

Forest plot displays odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for dementia conversion risk per standard deviation increase in serum biomarker levels. Biomarkers analyzed: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), recombinant cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2), recombinant cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1), programmed death 1 (PD-1), and T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM3). The vertical line at OR = 1.0 indicates no effect. A significant protective association was observed for IFN-γ (OR = 0.843, 95% CI: 0.713–0.995, P = 0.044). All other biomarkers showed non-significant associations with dementia conversion (P > 0.05). Statistical significance was assessed at α = 0.05.

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