Fig. 2: Network pharmacology analysis of metformin in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). | Communications Medicine

Fig. 2: Network pharmacology analysis of metformin in diabetic kidney disease (DKD).

From: The metformin mediated MAPK signaling pathway influences D-Xylose regulation during diabetic kidney disease therapy

Fig. 2

a Compound targets for metformin obtained from SwissTarget, ChEMBL, DrugBank, Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), and TargetNet databases. b DKD disease targets predicted from TTD, GeneCards, DrugBank, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), and DisGeNET databases. c Venn diagram of intersection targets between metformin and DKD. d Protein-protein interactions (PPI) network of 83 common targets between metformin and DKD. Circles represent targets, with size and color indicating target importance, from dark blue (less important) to deep red (more important), and larger circles reflecting higher degrees of connectivity. The seven largest and reddest circles in the center correspond to the core targets for metformin treatment of DKD, which were identified based on degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. e Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of potential targets for metformin in DKD (top 10). f Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of potential targets for metformin in DKD (top 20). Statistical analyses: Fisher’s exact test (f).

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