Table 2 Unadjusted difference in ACP incidence among Medicare enrollees, by social vulnerability (2016–2019)

From: Influence of area-level social vulnerability on all-cause pneumonia incidence among adult Medicare and Medicaid enrollees

Group

ACP incidence (per 100,000 PY): MHSVI Q1 counties

ACP incidence (per 100,000 PY): MHSVI Q5 counties

Unadjusted IRR (Q5 / Q1)

95% Confidence Interval around IRR

IRR p-value

Overall

7073

8203

1.16***

(1.157, 1.162)

<0.0001

Age

 65–74

4074

5104

1.25***

(1.247, 1.258)

<0.0001

 75–84

7739

8973

1.16***

(1.155, 1.164)

<0.0001

 85+

14,675

16,252

1.11***

(1.103, 1.112)

<0.0001

Race and ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic

7179

8489

1.18***

(1.180, 1.185)

<0.0001

 Black, non-Hispanic

6967

7867

1.13***

(1.104, 1.155)

<0.0001

 Hispanic

5618

7683

1.37***

(1.287, 1.453)

<0.0001

 Asian

5163

7020

1.36***

(1.303, 1.419)

<0.0001

 Other

7163

7121

0.99

(0.970, 1.019)

0.643

Risk of pneumococcal disease

 Low risk

518

357

0.69***

(0.674, 0.705)

<0.0001

 Moderate risk

5638

5426

0.96***

(0.958, 0.967)

<0.0001

 High risk

10,079

12,436

1.23***

(1.231, 1.237)

<0.0001

  1. Notes: The analysis included enrollees in Medicare fee-for-service and Medicare Advantage plans. Ns presented in Table 1.
  2. * p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.01; *** p-value < 0.001
  3. ACP All-cause pneumonia, IRR incidence rate ratio, MHSVI Minority Health Social Vulnerability Index, PY person-years, Q1 least vulnerable quintile, Q5 most vulnerable quintile.
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