Table 3 Adjusted differences in ACP incidence among Medicare enrollees, by social vulnerability (2016–2019)

From: Influence of area-level social vulnerability on all-cause pneumonia incidence among adult Medicare and Medicaid enrollees

Group

Number of enrollees included in model

Regression-adjusted IRR (Q5/Q1)

95% Confidence Interval around IRR

IRR p-value

Overall

56,909,618

1.12***

(1.12, 1.12)

<0.0001

Age

 65–74

28,856,668

1.13***

(1.12, 1.13)

<0.0001

 75–84

17,948,838

1.12***

(1.12, 1.13)

<0.0001

 85+

10,104,112

1.10***

(1.10, 1.11)

<0.0001

Race and ethnicity

 White, non-Hispanic

46,302,284

1.12***

(1.11, 1.12)

<0.0001

 Black, non-Hispanic

5,223,404

1.06***

(1.03, 1.08)

<0.0001

 Hispanic

1,400,368

1.12***

(1.05, 1.19)

0.0004

 Asian

1,485,480

1.13***

(1.08, 1.18)

<0.0001

 Other

1,353,908

1.12***

(1.09, 1.15)

<0.0001

Risk of pneumococcal disease

 Low risk

9,859,319

0.74***

(0.72, 0.76)

<0.0001

 Moderate risk

17,945,748

1.04***

(1.03, 1.04)

<0.0001

 High risk

29,104,551

1.16***

(1.15, 1.16)

<0.0001

  1. The analysis included enrollees in Medicare fee-for-service and Medicare Advantage plans. For enrollees with missing race or ethnicity, we included a missing value indicator in the model, but did not separately estimate differences in ACP incidence for that group.
  2. * p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01, *** p-value < 0.001.
  3. ACP All-cause pneumonia, IRR incidence rate ratio, MHSVI Minority Health Social Vulnerability Index, PY person-years, Q1 least vulnerable quintile, Q5 most vulnerable quintile.
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