Table 2 Prevalence of third-generation cephalosporin resistance in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus spp., and Enterobacter spp

Year

Before 2009

22.82

1.06

59.59

0.03

29.82

16.99

44.43

<0.0001

1.79

0.32

9.45

<0.0001

20.7

0.78

52.11

<0.0001

2010–2014

30.65

20.86

41.37

45.85

29.44

62.69

30.96

0

83.77

81.83

70.05

91.38

2015–2020

41.21

33.33

43.15

65.53

58.02

72.72

22.97

8.4

40.75

61.04

42.5

78.39

2020–2024

42.02

37.05

47.06

58.82

50.35

67.05

31.24

16.75

47.56

53.09

38.11

67.83

University hospital

No

37.51

30.69

44.57

0.17

57.81

49.54

65.88

0.73

23.24

9.92

39.16

<0.0001

50.33

23

77.57

0.27

Yes

46.18

39.67

52.75

58.66

52.22

64.98

30.32

11.04

53.27

54.4

40.1

68.41

Rural/urban

Mixed

40.57

33.28

48.07

<0.0001

64.77

53.06

75.71

<0.0001

44.67

23.78

66.42

<0.0001

63.81

48.3

78.14

<0.0001

Rural

32.57

19.61

46.92

58.93

43.73

73.38

23.64

0.14

63.82

70.27

54.26

84.5

Urban

25.59

10.59

43.96

54.11

35.29

72.42

16.72

3.94

34.2

90

59.98

98.21

Setting

Mixed

44.87

38.84

50.98

<0.0001

59.08

52.61

65.4

24.02

9.48

41.51

<0.0001

65.7

46.77

82.73

<0.0001

Other

37.48

17.59

59.65

19.1

2.61

43.46

3.7

0.66

18.28

Outpatients

29.22

13.65

47.64

30.73

12.72

52

0

0

5.68

General surgery

64.47

42.3

84

85.37

75.43

93.38

61.78

39.67

81.67

16.67

3.01

56.35

Neonatal ICU

33.47

18.34

50.16

77.33

68.85

84.9

57.89

37.79

76.89

Adult ICU

37.59

17

60.69

47.97

17.14

76.94

Ginecology

54.56

11.91

93.65

52.93

14.46

89.81

100

20.65

100

Medical wards

46.7

27.37

66.51

42.19

17.03

69.55

83.33

64.15

93.32

12.12

0

43.57

Type of infection

UTI

43.42

33.84

53.24

<0.0001

46.55

35.64

57.6

<0.0001

17.1

6.26

31.12

<0.0001

59.39

21.89

92.44

<0.0001

Mixed

43.95

34.52

53.6

54.74

42.58

66.63

29.86

9.46

54.84

60.33

26.05

90.1

BSI

34.31

25.71

43.38

73.91

66.39

80.85

12.08

0

59.8

47.2

29.5

65.18

Surgical site infection

69.57

56.74

81.14

74.02

53.18

90.71

68.42

45.09

88.47

80.21

69.31

89.34

Neonatal sepsis

28.27

7.5

54.15

74.48

60.97

86.08

72.39

53.6

88.18

Intra-abdominal

14.06

4.12

28.39

43.75

29.93

58.05

CNS

24.85

12.77

39.1

56.08

36.03

75.28

7.41

2.06

23.37

CVC

32.73

21.81

45.9

59.18

45.25

71.18

57.14

25.05

84.18

Otitis

32.29

4.62

69.14

21.64

0.78

56.49

14.29

4.98

34.64

Geographical Area

West Africa

49.85

41.27

58.44

<0.0001

57.62

48.41

66.59

<0.0001

21.12

5.35

41.79

0.25

51.62

33.51

69.55

<0.0001

South Africa

23.39

16.92

30.47

59.72

45.6

73.11

15.62

0

49.92

15.74

9.3

23.34

Central Africa

27.06

13.12

43.59

37.13

21.48

54.19

18.41

10.39

27.92

95.61

72.93

100

East Africa

44.26

37.61

51.02

59.71

52.53

66.71

32.21

18.69

47.08

53.79

34.47

72.65