Table 3 Influence of the appropriate antibiotic prescribing rate among peer physicians in the previous year on the rate of an individual physician in the current year

Characteristics^a	Groups	Coeff.	S.E.	p value^b	95% CI
Peer effect^c	-	0.62	0.02	<0.001	(0.58, 0.66)
Degree	Low	ref	-	-
	Medium	1.60	0.43	<0.001	(0.75, 2.45)
	High	1.40	0.64	0.029	(0.14, 2.65)
Closeness centrality	Low	ref	-	-
	Medium	−1.11	0.38	0.004	(−1.86, −0.35)
	High	−0.87	0.52	0.096	(−1.89, 0.15)
Betweenness centrality	Low	ref	-	-
	Medium	0.22	0.36	0.546	(−0.49, 0.93)
	High	−0.01	0.48	0.986	(−0.95, 0.93)
Patient volume	Low	ref	-	-
	Medium	0.81	0.41	0.047	(0.01, 1.61)
	High	1.36	0.54	0.012	(0.30, 2.42)
Proportion of male patients (%)	Low	ref	-	-
	Medium	−1.40	0.38	<0.001	(−2.15, −0.65)
	High	−1.71	0.51	0.001	(−2.70, −0.71)
Proportion of patients age ≥ 65 (%)	Low	ref	-	-
	Medium	−2.50	0.49	<0.001	(−3.46, −1.54)
	High	−2.89	0.65	<0.001	(−4.16, −1.62)
Proportion of patients with CCI ≥ 2 (%)	Low	ref	-	-
	Medium	0.46	0.40	0.248	(−0.32, 1.25)
	High	3.85	0.51	<0.001	(2.84, 4.86)
Level of hospitals	Primary Care	ref	-	-
	Secondary	2.26	2.97	0.453	(−3.81, 8.32)
	Tertiary	3.62	3.45	0.303	(−3.42, 10.66)

CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, Coeff. coefficient, S.E. standard error, 95% CI 95% confidence intervals, Ref reference
^aThe fixed effect of years was omitted from the table for conciseness.
^bAll p value were two-sided.
^cThe peer effect was the regression estimation of the appropriate antibiotic prescribing rate among peer physicians in the previous year on the rate of an individual physician in the current year. The estimations were derived from linear mixed-effects models, with covariates as fixed effects and random intercepts at both physician- and hospital levels.

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