Table 1 Gametocyte detection, probability of gametocyte detection, median gametocyte density, and proportion with high-density gametocytes detected in the study population (N = 947 individuals) by fixed covariates assessed at enrollment

From: Asymptomatic school-age children carry the majority of transmissible Plasmodium falciparum infections

Population

N Total

N (%) ever positive for gametocytes

p value

Probability of gametocyte detectiona

p value

N (%) w/>1 gametocyte positive visit

p value

Median (IQR) density gametocytes/ µl

p value

N (%) with ≥1 gametocytes/µl

p value

N (%) with ≥10 gametocytes/µl

p value

A. Enrollment characteristics

947

216 (22.8)

   

118 (12.5)

 

0.9 (0.2, 4.7)

 

131 (13.8)

 

54 (5.7)

 

Age group

 Under 5

177

23 (13)

<0.001

0.0016

<0.001

14 (7.9)

<0.001

3.6 (0.9, 10.6)

<0.001

18 (10.2)

<0.001

11 (6.2)

<0.001

 5–15

337

124 (36.8)

0.0148

75 (22.3)

0.8 (0.2, 4.8)

79 (23.4)

35 (10.4)

 Over 15

433

69 (15.9)

0.0021

29 (6.7)

0.6 (0.1, 2.2)

34 (7.9)

8 (1.8)

Sex

 Female

558

108 (19.4)

0.003

0.0007

0.22

57 (10.2)

0.01

1.3 (0.2, 5.3)

0.75

67 (12)

0.06

29 (5.2)

0.51

 Male

389

108 (27.8)

0.0016

61 (15.7)

0.7 (0.2, 3.5)

64 (16.5)

25 (6.4)

Site

 Namanolo

437

109 (24.9)

0.17

0.0011

0.57

49 (11.2)

0.33

1.2 (0.3, 6.4)

0.88

69 (15.8)

0.13

29 (6.6)

0.31

 Ntaja

510

107 (21)

0.0008

69 (13.5)

0.6 (0.2, 3.4)

62 (12.2)

25 (4.9)

 

HH head educationb

 None

195

53 (27.2)

0.26

0.002

0.67

31 (15.9)

0.28

0.7 (0.2, 5.2)

0.72

32 (16.4)

0.77

14 (7.2)

0.85

 Primary only

296

73 (24.7)

0.0015

37 (12.5)

1.1 (0.2, 4.3)

43 (14.5)

18 (6.1)

 Some secondary or higher

283

59 (20.8)

0.0012

31 (11)

0.8 (0.2, 4.1)

40 (14.1)

17 (6)

SES indexb

 Low

222

60 (27)

0.009

0.0019

0.74

29 (13.1)

0.17

1.1 (0.2, 5.4)

0.56

38 (17.1)

0.21

17 (7.7)

0.23

 Medium

489

121 (24.7)

0.0015

69 (14.1)

0.7 (0.2, 3.7)

73 (14.9)

32 (6.5)

 High

128

17 (13.3)

0.0007

10 (7.8)

0.9 (0.1, 5.4)

13 (10.2)

4 (3.1)

HH constructionb

 Unfinished

530

137 (25.8)

0.05

0.0015

0.51

84 (15.8)

0.001

0.8 (0.2, 4.1)

0.62

87 (16.4)

0.1

39 (7.4)

0.14

 Finished

309

61 (19.7)

0.0011

24 (7.8)

1.1 (0.2, 5.3)

37 (12)

14 (4.5)

  1. SES socioeconomic status, HH household.
  2. P values for categorical variables were calculated using Chi-squared tests. p values were calculated for median density using Wilcoxon and Kruskal–Wallis tests for two and three-category variables, respectively.
  3. aProbability of gametocyte detection per visit calculated using mixed-effect logistic regression with random effects for household and individual, estimated odds were converted to probabilities and
  4. multiplied by demographic weights—p values were calculated from Wald tests using SE derived from logistic regression models.
  5. bMissing: HH head education = 173, SES index and HH Construction = 108.
Back to article page