Fig. 2: Comparison of all-cause mortality risk and hazard ratios.
From: Association of pharmacotherapy with all-cause mortality among patients with irritable bowel syndrome
a Among patients with IBS using TCA, SSRI, SNRI, and mirtazapine versus non-users. b Subgroup analysis by age, race, BMI, and sex among antidepressant users and non-users. c Among patients with IBS using hyoscyamine or dicyclomine versus non-users, and d subgroup analysis by age, race, BMI, and gender among antispasmodic users and non-users. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to balance baseline characteristics. Data are shown as HRs with 95% CIs; markers indicate HRs and bars the 95% CIs. HRs were derived from Cox proportional hazards models using two-sided Wald tests incorporating daily time intervals and censoring to evaluate the probability of outcomes. No multiple comparison adjustment was applied. Exact p-values are reported when available; TriNetX displays p < 0.001 for values below this threshold. BMI body mass index, HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval. TCA tricyclic antidepressant, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, SNRI serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, BMI body mass index, HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval. *Non-White: American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Other Race
