Table 2 Logistic regression analyses of the association of hospitalization and sex, age group, SARS-CoV-2 lineages, and month of diagnostic sampling among COVID-19 cases, December 1st, 2021, to April 30th, 2023 (n = 33,632)

From: Monitoring viral evolution and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 during 2022–2023 using Integrated Genomic Surveillance

Categories

n/N#

%

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Sex

    

Female

963/17935

5.4

Reference

Reference

Male

1032/15697

6.6

1.24 (1.13–1.36)***

1.50 (1.35–1.67)***

Age group (years)

    

0–4

24/538

4.5

Reference

Reference

5–14

21/2739

0.8

0.17 (0.09–0.30)***

0.18 (0.10–0.33)***

15–34

129/9840

1.3

0.28 (0.19–0.45)***

0.25 (0.16–0.40)***

35–59

259/13149

2.0

0.43 (0.29–0.68)***

0.36 (0.24–0.57)***

60–79

648/5054

12.8

3.15 (2.12–4.91)***

2.43 (1.62–3.83)***

≥80

914/2312

39.5

14.0 (9.43–21.83)***

10.42 (6.94–16.39)***

SARS-CoV-2 lineage

    

BA.1

99/3188

3.1

0.84 (0.68–1.03)

1.42 (1.02–1.96)*

BA.2

818/22258

3.7

Reference

Reference

BA.5.1

398/5085

7.8

2.23 (1.96–2.52)***

0.70 (0.46–1.08)

BQ.1.1

371/2042

18.2

5.82 (5.09–6.64)***

0.56 (0.33–0.96)*

XBB.1.5

255/887

28.7

10.58 (8.99–12.41)***

0.42 (0.23–0.78)**

XBB.1.9.1

26/84

31.0

11.75 (7.25–18.55)***

0.53 (0.23–1.23)

XBB.1.9.2

28/88

31.8

12.23 (7.66–19.07)***

0.45 (0.20–1.02)

Month of diagnostic sampling

    

2021-12

11/491

2.2

Reference

Reference

2022-01

48/2268

2.1

0.94 (0.51–1.93)

0.89 (0.46–1.86)

2022-02

156/3901

4.0

1.82 (1.03–3.58)

1.38 (0.72–2.89)

2022-03

298/7863

3.8

1.72 (0.98–3.36)

1.36 (0.70–2.89)

2022-04

227/6187

3.7

1.66 (0.95–3.26)

1.18 (0.60–2.52)

2022-05

134/3904

3.4

1.55 (0.87–3.06)

1.18 (0.59–2.53)

2022-06

60/1770

3.4

1.53 (0.83–3.1)

1.30 (0.61–2.92)

2022-07

66/1431

4.6

2.11 (1.15–4.25)*

2.13 (0.93–5.12)

2022-08

93/940

9.9

4.79 (2.65–9.56)***

4.08 (1.78–9.88)**

2022-09

71/838

8.5

4.04 (2.21–8.13)***

3.96 (1.71–9.68)**

2022-10

89/625

14.2

7.25 (4.00–14.51)***

6.82 (2.96–16.61)***

2022-11

76/625

12.2

6.04 (3.31–12.15)***

6.25 (2.66–15.48)***

2022-12

126/807

15.6

8.07 (4.51–16.02)***

7.99 (3.36–19.95)***

2023-01

129/649

19.9

10.83 (6.05–21.49)***

13.48 (5.75–35.00)***

2023-02

165/713

23.1

13.14 (7.39–25.97)***

15.52 (6.40–39.53)***

2023-03

172/485

35.5

23.98 (13.43–47.53)***

26.35 (10.48–69.41)***

2023-04

74/135

54.8

52.94 (27.67 – 110.59)***

42.88 (15.84 – 120.98)***

  1. # n number of hospitalizations, N number of infected cases reported to the German notification system.
  2. CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
  3. *p value: p < 0.05: *p < 0.01: **p < 0.001: ***
  4. Univariate models were fitted for each independent variable separately, with unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) presented. Multivariable model included all independent variables simultaneously and provide adjusted ORs.
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