Extended Data Fig. 1: Characterization of the monomer-solvent interactions and the resulting polymer.

(a) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 4VP, HFIP, and their mixture, indicating the hydrogen bonding between 4VP and HFIP; (b) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of p4VP deposited using Ar, EtOH, HFIP, and AcOH as the vapor solvent, demonstrating that solvation engineering does not affect the polymer chemistry; (c) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey scans of p4VP deposited using Ar or HFIP as the vapor solvent; (d) The polydispersity index (PDI) of the p4VP deposited under various Pmonomer/Psat using Ar or HFIP as the vapor solvent.