Table 11 Environmental inequality measured as emissions per capita

From: From data to decarbonization: the digital economy’s role in reducing carbon emissions intensity and advancing environmental justice

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

 

Theil_CO2POP

Theil_CO2POP

Theil_NOxPOP

Theil_NOxPOP

Theil_DustPOP

Theil_DustPOP

Theil_SO2POP

Theil_SO2POP

DIGIT

0.1010

−0.8651

−0.4633**

−0.0445

−0.3721*

−1.1009

−0.2387

−1.5649

 

(0.1104)

(1.0331)

(0.1397)

(0.6808)

(0.1889)

(0.9482)

(0.1869)

(1.4495)

Ind

−0.3526***

−0.3007***

−0.2784**

−0.3163***

−0.1849*

−0.1333*

−0.1905**

−0.1048

 

(0.0922)

(0.0818)

(0.1170)

(0.0805)

(0.0830)

(0.0590)

(0.0806)

(0.1116)

Pop

0.1754**

0.1749*

0.1610**

0.1517*

0.1737**

0.1724*

0.1995**

0.1994**

 

(0.0724)

(0.0815)

(0.0667)

(0.0733)

(0.0699)

(0.0786)

(0.0757)

(0.0804)

Urban

0.2249*

0.2383

0.3457*

0.2964

0.2808*

0.2893

0.3147

0.3451

 

(0.1208)

(0.1415)

(0.1541)

(0.1644)

(0.1386)

(0.1556)

(0.1761)

(0.1825)

Fis

0.1874**

0.1717*

0.0592

0.0789

0.0596

0.0605

0.0509

0.0324

 

(0.0786)

(0.0805)

(0.0758)

(0.0829)

(0.0709)

(0.0638)

(0.0742)

(0.0595)

Ele

−0.0512**

−0.0488**

−0.0390

−0.0186

−0.0289

−0.0322

−0.0513

−0.0362

 

(0.0205)

(0.0194)

(0.0544)

(0.0471)

(0.0221)

(0.0235)

(0.0534)

(0.0431)

Open

0.0284

0.0335

0.0614

0.0889

0.0603

0.0771

0.1347

0.1099

 

(0.0546)

(0.0600)

(0.0621)

(0.0632)

(0.0551)

(0.0459)

(0.0875)

(0.0621)

Tech

0.0030

0.0030

−0.0008

−0.0018

−0.0070

−0.0052

−0.0029

−0.0039

 

(0.0045)

(0.0042)

(0.0079)

(0.0076)

(0.0044)

(0.0045)

(0.0081)

(0.0074)

_cons

1.4317**

 

0.9776

 

0.3868

 

0.5071

 
 

(0.5843)

 

(0.6970)

 

(0.5569)

 

(0.8094)

 

City Fixed Effect

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Year Fixed Effect

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Kleibergen–Paap rk LM statistic

 

5.068

 

5.068

 

5.068

 

3.146

  

{0.0244}

 

{0.0244}

 

{0.0244}

 

{0.0761}

Cragg-Donald Wald F statistic

 

55.984

 

55.984

 

55.984

 

29.153

  

[8.96]

 

[8.96]

 

[8.96]

 

[8.96]

N

2493

2216

2493

2216

2493

2216

2493

2216

Root MSE

0.0561

0.05143

0.0710

0.06324

0.0611

0.05504

0.0724

.06343

  1. *, **, *** represent the statistically significant at 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. Standard errors in () are adopted 2-way robust clustered at year and city levels. The figures in {} is the P statistics of Kleibergen–Paap rk LM test with the null hypothesis is the IV cannot be fully identified. The figures in [] is the critical value of Cragg-Donald Wald F test at 15% maximal IV size, proposed by Stock-Yogo (2005)112. MSE is shortened for Mean Square Error.
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