Fig. 6: Predicted BtPs and failure cycles.

a–c Schematics of the air–water interface at/inside the doubly reentrant cavity (DRC) with respect to increasing pressure. d Comparison of predicted BtPs with experimentally observed values for submerged DRCs as a function of the pressure ramp rate. e Comparison of predicted failure cycles with experimentally observed values for submerged DRCs as a function of pressure amplitude. f Predicted distance between the DR edge and liquid–vapor interface depth (referred to as the interface depth) for a 40-kPa cyclic pressure.