Table 1 State-of-the-art in biocarbon-based composites

From: Sewage sludge hydrochar characterization and valorization via hydrothermal processing for 3D printing

Matrix

Hydrochar Source

Fill wt%

Matrix Modulus (GPa)

Composite Modulus (GPa)

Reference

PLA

Rice Straw

5

2.627

4.376

46

PLA

Rice Straw

20

2.627

6.182

46

Bioplastic + PLA

Coconut Shell

1

0.84

2.75

48

PBAT

Wood Chips

10

0.073

0.1001

60

Bio-epoxy

Spruce Bark

5

0.178

0.203

58

Epoxy Resin

Coffee Grounds

15

1.510

3.258

79

Pine-PP Composite

Poultry Litter

35

3.1

4.28

80

  1. Data includes the matrix material used, the biomass source the biocarbon was derived from, the biocarbon fill percentage, Young’s modulus of the matrix material alone, and Young’s modulus of the biocarbon composite. Biocarbons were derived from a mixture of pyrolysis and hydrothermal processing. Table is non-exhaustive.
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