Table 1 Amplitude coefficients at various frequency components for the two-tone test of a generic modulator, with power transfer function expanded up to the fifth order

From: Addressing optical modulator non-linearities for photonic neural networks

Component

Frequency

Amplitude

Fundamental

ω1, ω2

\(A{a}_{1}+\frac{9}{4}{A}^{3}{a}_{3}+\frac{25}{4}{A}^{5}{a}_{5}\)

IMD3

2ω1-ω2, 2ω2-ω1

\(\frac{3}{4}{A}^{3}{a}_{3}+\frac{25}{8}{A}^{5}{a}_{5}\)

IMD5

3ω1-2ω2, 3ω2-2ω1

\(\frac{5}{8}{A}^{5}{a}_{5}\)