Fig. 4: Comparison of tissue dissociation efficiency using HLS and conventional shaker-based enzymatic methods.

a Quantification of tissue yield using genomic DNA content. “2w15min” and “3w15min” indicate treatment with the device at 2 W and 3 W power for 15 min, respectively. b Experimental groups used for characterizing dissociation rate. c Fitted curves showing changes in single-cell yield over time in different groups. d Dissociation rate curves over time for each experimental condition. A two-sided t-test was used for statistical testing. Stars indicate p < 0.05 and double stars indicate p < 0.01 relative to the control. Cross-hatches indicate p < 0.05 and double cross-hatches indicate p < 0.01 relative to the static condition at the same digestion time. Error bars represent mean ± standard deviation from n = 3 independent samples.