Fig. 3: Actuator based on engineered cardiac muscle.
a An autonomously swimming biohybrid fish designed with human cardiac biophysics [scale bar = 5 mm (left), 50 µm (right), 5 mm(bottom)], Adapted with permission from ref. 6, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. b Tissue-engineered jellyfish with biomimetic propulsion [scale bar, 1 mm (left), 5 µm (middle left), 10 µm (middle right), 50 µm (right)], adapted with permission from ref. 7, Springer Nature. c A microspherical heart pump powered by cultured cardiomyocytes (scale bar = 3 mm), adapted with permission from ref. 63, Royal Society of Chemistry. d Phototactic guidance of a tissue-engineered soft robotic ray (scale bar = 5 mm), adapted with permission from ref. 58, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. e Electrically Driven Microengineered Bioinspired Soft Robots (scale bar = 5 mm). Adapted with permission from ref. 113, John Wiley and Sons.
