Fig. 7: Actuators of biohybrid pumping robots. | npj Robotics

Fig. 7: Actuators of biohybrid pumping robots.

From: Biohybrid actuators in robotics: recent trends and future perspectives of skeletal and cardiac muscle integration

Fig. 7

a Microspherical heart-like pump powered by spontaneously contracting cardiomyocyte sheets driven without the need for external energy sources or coupled stimuli (scale bar = 3 mm). Adapted with permission from ref. 63, Royal Society of Chemistry. b Fluid actuation for a bio-micropump powered by previously frozen cardiomyocytes directly seeded on a diagonally stretched thin membrane [scale bar = 5 mm (top), 1 mm (bottom)], adapted with permission from ref. 64, Elsevier. c Carbon-Nanotube-Embedded Hydrogel Sheets for Engineering Cardiac Constructs and Bioactuators (scale bar = 5 mm, ruler marking is 1 mm), adapted with permission from ref. 47, Copyright American Chemical Society. d Biohybrid valveless pump-bot powered by engineered skeletal muscle. Adapted with permission from ref. 65, PNAS Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

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