Fig. 3: Simulation results of hydrodynamic drag analysis of bending propagation.
From: Underwater soft arm grasping with simplified control using octopus-inspired bending propagation

A Simulation snapshot of bending propagation motion, black arrows indicate the underwater drag force. B Simulation snapshot of none-bending propagation motion, black arrows indicate the underwater drag force. C Hydrodynamic drag distribution heat map during the motion of the model.