Table 3 Safety and feasibility metrics assessed across the procedures

From: Safety and feasibility of a dexterity-enhancing handheld robot for endoscopic neurosurgery: an in-vivo animal study (IDEAL stage 0)

Outcome

Test

Assessment timepoint

Assessment method

Safety

Macroscopic examination assessing:

• Tissue deformation

• Hemorrhage

• Tearing of brain tissue

Post-explantation, end of procedure

Presence or absence based on necropsy of ovine brain.

Safety

Incidence of intra-operative adverse events.

Throughout procedure

Intraoperative anesthetic monitoring and evaluation of surgical field.

Feasibility

Ability to navigate to site of interest and manipulate different tissues including:

• Arachnoid

• Nerves

• Blood vessels

Throughout procedure

Assessing the ability to manipulate tissues via the following scoring:

1 = very easy

2 = easy

3 = hard

4 = very hard