Table 3 Illness and social factors associated with suicidality, depression and anxiety in LC
From: Factors associated with psychiatric outcomes and coping in Long COVID
Suicidality | Depression | Anxiety | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± s.d. in suicidal | Mean ± s.d. in non-suicidal | Test statistic and P value | Mean ± s.d. in depressed | Mean ± s.d. in non-depressed | Test statistic and P value | Mean ± s.d. in anxious | Mean ± s.d. in non-anxious | Test statistic and P value | ||
Illness factors | N = 958 | N = 4,593 | N = 1,796 | N = 3,695 | N = 1,366 | N = 4,059 | ||||
Days of illness | 203.99 ± 90.16 | 203.38 ± 85.02 | t = 0.20, P = 0.84 | 200.59 ± 91.71 | 204.46 ± 82.83 | t = 1.51, P = 0.13 | 201.36 ± 91.93 | 204.06 ± 84.16 | t = −0.96, P = 0.34 | |
Change in overall health | 2.17 ± 1.10 | 2.00 ± 1.10 | t = −4.34, P < 0.001 | 2.15 ± 1.09 | 1.96 ± 1.10 | t = −5.87, P < 0.001 | 2.07 ± 1.07 | 2.01 ± 1.11 | t = −1.78, P = 0.075 | |
Prevalence suicidal | 95% CI | Test statistic and P value | Prevalence depressed | 95% CI | Test statistic and P value | Prevalence anxious | 95% CI | Test statistic and P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physically limited by illness | Limited in physical activity | 904/4,943 = 18.3% | 17.2 to 19.4 | χ2 = 33.55, P < 0.001 | 1,702/4,888 = 34.8% | 33.5 to 36.2 | χ2 = 90.20, P < 0.001 | 1,261/4,827 = 26.1% | 24.9 to 27.4 | χ2 = 20.72, P < 0.001 |
Not limited in physical activity | 54/608 = 8.9% | 6.7 to 11.4 | 94/603 = 15.6% | 12.8 to 18.7 | 105/598 = 17.6% | 14.6 to 20.8 | ||||
Hospitalization | Hospitalized | 104/506 = 20.6% | 17.1 to 24.3 | χ2 = 4.23, P = 0.04 | 196/504 = 38.9% | 34.6 to 43.3 | χ2 = 9.63, P = 0.002 | 134/493 = 27.2% | 23.3 to 31.3 | χ2 = 1.15, P = 0.28 |
Not hospitalized | 854/5,045 = 16.9% | 15.9 to 18.0 | 1,600/4,987 = 32.1% | 30.8 to 33.4 | 1,232/4,932 = 25.0% | 23.8 to 26.2 | ||||
Social factors | ||||||||||
Financial challenges | Any financial hardship | 606/2,548 = 23.8% | 22.1 to 25.5 | χ2 = 140.44, P < 0.001 | 1,055/2,530 = 41.7% | 39.8 to 43.6 | χ2 = 172.34, P < 0.001 | 817/2,482 = 32.9% | 31.1 to 34.8 | χ2 = 145.38, P < 0.001 |
No financial hardship | 352/3,003 = 11.7% | 10.6 to 12.9 | 741/2,961 = 25.0% | 23.5 to 26.6 | 549/2,943 = 18.7% | 17.3 to 20.1 | ||||
Employment | Illness affected employment | 425/2,314 = 18.4% | 16.8 to 20.0 | χ2 = 17.20, P < 0.001 | 769/2,292 = 33.6% | 31.6 to 35.5 | χ2 = 25.58, P < 0.001 | 614/2,258 = 27.2% | 25.4 to 29.1 | χ2 = 13.32, P < 0.001 |
Illness did not affect employment | 106/868 = 12.2% | 10.1 to 14.6 | 207/856 = 24.2% | 21.3 to 27.2 | 177/851 = 20.8% | 18.1 to 23.7 | ||||
Medical care | Significantly below care needed | 446/1,977 = 22.6%a | 20.7 to 24.5 | χ2 = 66.00, P < 0.001 | 742/1,955 = 38.0%a | 35.8 to 40.1 | χ2 = 38.99, P < 0.001 | 588/1,930 = 30.5%a | 28.4 to 32.6 | χ2 = 50.97, P < 0.001 |
Somewhat below care needed | 306/1,968 = 15.5%b | 14.0 to 17.2 | 566/1,946 = 29.1%b | 27.1 to 31.2 | 458/1,924 = 23.8%b | 21.9 to 25.8 | ||||
Recevied appropriate care | 149/1,212 = 12.3%b | 10.5 to 14.3 | 369/1,202 = 30.7%b | 28.1 to 33.4 | 234/1,187 = 19.7%c | 17.5 to 22.1 | ||||
Did not need care | 57/394 = 14.5%b | 11.1 to 18.3 | 119/388 = 30.7%b | 26.1 to 35.5 | 86/384 = 22.4%b,c | 18.3 to 26.9 | ||||
Provider experience | Negative provider experience | 596/2,938 = 20.3% | 18.8 to 21.8 | χ2 = 34.91, P < 0.001 | 1,042/2,907 = 35.8% | 34.1 to 37.6 | χ2 = 23.54, P < 0.001 | 847/2,872 = 29.5% | 27.8 to 31.2 | χ2 = 57.62, P < 0.001 |
No negative experience | 323/2,302 = 14.0% | 12.6 to 15.5 | 671/2,278 = 29.5% | 27.6 to 31.4 | 454/2,249 = 20.2% | 18.5 to 21.9 | ||||
Support group | Joined online COVID-19 support group | 582/3,297 = 17.7% | 16.4 to 19.0 | χ2 = 1.13, P = 0.29 | 1,046/3,263 = 32.1% | 30.5 to 33.7 | χ2 = 1.30, P = 0.25 | 797/3,223 = 24.7% | 23.2 to 26.3 | χ2 = 0.92, P = 0.34 |
Did not join online COVID-19 support group | 370/2,235 = 16.6% | 15.0 to 18.2 | 741/2,210 = 32.7% | 31.6 to 35.5 | 566/2,187 = 25.9% | 24.1 to 27.8 | ||||
Access to testing | Had access to testing | 665/3,845 = 17.3% | 16.1 to 18.5 | χ2 = 0.70, P = 0.40 | 1,279/3,809 = 33.6% | 32.1 to 35.1 | χ2 = 2.56, P = 0.11 | 968/3,767 = 25.7% | 24.3 to 27.1 | χ2 = 0.36, P = 0.55 |
Did not have access to testing | 192/1,043 = 18.4% | 16.1 to 20.9 | 318/1,028 = 30.9% | 28.1 to 33.9 | 271/1,018 = 26.6% | 23.9 to 29.5 | ||||
Has children | Has children | 440/2,998 = 14.7% | 13.4 to 16.0 | χ2 = 30.43, P < 0.001 | 927/2,961 = 31.3% | 29.6 to 33.0 | χ2 = 5.73, P = 0.02 | 705/2,936 = 24.0% | 22.5 to 25.6 | χ2 = 4.63, P = 0.03 |
Does not have children | 518/2,553 = 20.3% | 18.7 to 21.9 | 869/2,530 = 34.3% | 32.5 to 26.2 | 661/2,489 = 26.6% | 24.8 to 28.3 | ||||