Table 3 Illness and social factors associated with suicidality, depression and anxiety in LC

From: Factors associated with psychiatric outcomes and coping in Long COVID

  

Suicidality

Depression

Anxiety

  

Mean ± s.d. in suicidal

Mean ± s.d. in non-suicidal

Test statistic and P value

Mean ± s.d. in depressed

Mean ± s.d. in non-depressed

Test statistic and P value

Mean ± s.d. in anxious

Mean ± s.d. in non-anxious

Test statistic and P value

Illness factors

N = 958

N = 4,593

 

N = 1,796

N = 3,695

 

N = 1,366

N = 4,059

 

Days of illness

 

203.99 ± 90.16

203.38 ± 85.02

t = 0.20, P = 0.84

200.59 ± 91.71

204.46 ± 82.83

t = 1.51, P = 0.13

201.36 ± 91.93

204.06 ± 84.16

t = −0.96, P = 0.34

Change in overall health

 

2.17 ± 1.10

2.00 ± 1.10

t = −4.34, P < 0.001

2.15 ± 1.09

1.96 ± 1.10

t = −5.87, P < 0.001

2.07 ± 1.07

2.01 ± 1.11

t = −1.78, P = 0.075

  

Prevalence suicidal

95% CI

Test statistic and P value

Prevalence depressed

95% CI

Test statistic and P value

Prevalence anxious

95% CI

Test statistic and P value

Physically limited by illness

Limited in physical activity

904/4,943 = 18.3%

17.2 to 19.4

χ2 = 33.55, P < 0.001

1,702/4,888 = 34.8%

33.5 to 36.2

χ2 = 90.20, P < 0.001

1,261/4,827 = 26.1%

24.9 to 27.4

χ2 = 20.72, P < 0.001

 

Not limited in physical activity

54/608 = 8.9%

6.7 to 11.4

 

94/603 = 15.6%

12.8 to 18.7

 

105/598 = 17.6%

14.6 to 20.8

 

Hospitalization

Hospitalized

104/506 = 20.6%

17.1 to 24.3

χ2 = 4.23, P = 0.04

196/504 = 38.9%

34.6 to 43.3

χ2 = 9.63, P = 0.002

134/493 = 27.2%

23.3 to 31.3

χ2 = 1.15, P = 0.28

 

Not hospitalized

854/5,045 = 16.9%

15.9 to 18.0

 

1,600/4,987 = 32.1%

30.8 to 33.4

 

1,232/4,932 = 25.0%

23.8 to 26.2

 

Social factors

 Financial challenges

Any financial hardship

606/2,548 = 23.8%

22.1 to 25.5

χ2 = 140.44, P < 0.001

1,055/2,530 = 41.7%

39.8 to 43.6

χ2 = 172.34, P < 0.001

817/2,482 = 32.9%

31.1 to 34.8

χ2 = 145.38, P < 0.001

 

No financial hardship

352/3,003 = 11.7%

10.6 to 12.9

 

741/2,961 = 25.0%

23.5 to 26.6

 

549/2,943 = 18.7%

17.3 to 20.1

 

 Employment

Illness affected employment

425/2,314 = 18.4%

16.8 to 20.0

χ2 = 17.20, P < 0.001

769/2,292 = 33.6%

31.6 to 35.5

χ2 = 25.58, P < 0.001

614/2,258 = 27.2%

25.4 to 29.1

χ2 = 13.32, P < 0.001

 

Illness did not affect employment

106/868 = 12.2%

10.1 to 14.6

 

207/856 = 24.2%

21.3 to 27.2

 

177/851 = 20.8%

18.1 to 23.7

 

 Medical care

Significantly below care needed

446/1,977 = 22.6%a

20.7 to 24.5

χ2 = 66.00, P < 0.001

742/1,955 = 38.0%a

35.8 to 40.1

χ2 = 38.99, P < 0.001

588/1,930 = 30.5%a

28.4 to 32.6

χ2 = 50.97, P < 0.001

 

Somewhat below care needed

306/1,968 = 15.5%b

14.0 to 17.2

 

566/1,946 = 29.1%b

27.1 to 31.2

 

458/1,924 = 23.8%b

21.9 to 25.8

 
 

Recevied appropriate care

149/1,212 = 12.3%b

10.5 to 14.3

 

369/1,202 = 30.7%b

28.1 to 33.4

 

234/1,187 = 19.7%c

17.5 to 22.1

 
 

Did not need care

57/394 = 14.5%b

11.1 to 18.3

 

119/388 = 30.7%b

26.1 to 35.5

 

86/384 = 22.4%b,c

18.3 to 26.9

 

 Provider experience

Negative provider experience

596/2,938 = 20.3%

18.8 to 21.8

χ2 = 34.91, P < 0.001

1,042/2,907 = 35.8%

34.1 to 37.6

χ2 = 23.54, P < 0.001

847/2,872 = 29.5%

27.8 to 31.2

χ2 = 57.62, P < 0.001

 

No negative experience

323/2,302 = 14.0%

12.6 to 15.5

 

671/2,278 = 29.5%

27.6 to 31.4

 

454/2,249 = 20.2%

18.5 to 21.9

 

 Support group

Joined online COVID-19 support group

582/3,297 = 17.7%

16.4 to 19.0

χ2 = 1.13, P = 0.29

1,046/3,263 = 32.1%

30.5 to 33.7

χ2 = 1.30, P = 0.25

797/3,223 = 24.7%

23.2 to 26.3

χ2 = 0.92, P = 0.34

 

Did not join online COVID-19 support group

370/2,235 = 16.6%

15.0 to 18.2

 

741/2,210 = 32.7%

31.6 to 35.5

 

566/2,187 = 25.9%

24.1 to 27.8

 

 Access to testing

Had access to testing

665/3,845 = 17.3%

16.1 to 18.5

χ2 = 0.70, P = 0.40

1,279/3,809 = 33.6%

32.1 to 35.1

χ2 = 2.56, P = 0.11

968/3,767 = 25.7%

24.3 to 27.1

χ2 = 0.36, P = 0.55

 

Did not have access to testing

192/1,043 = 18.4%

16.1 to 20.9

 

318/1,028 = 30.9%

28.1 to 33.9

 

271/1,018 = 26.6%

23.9 to 29.5

 

 Has children

Has children

440/2,998 = 14.7%

13.4 to 16.0

χ2 = 30.43, P < 0.001

927/2,961 = 31.3%

29.6 to 33.0

χ2 = 5.73, P = 0.02

705/2,936 = 24.0%

22.5 to 25.6

χ2 = 4.63, P = 0.03

 

Does not have children

518/2,553 = 20.3%

18.7 to 21.9

 

869/2,530 = 34.3%

32.5 to 26.2

 

661/2,489 = 26.6%

24.8 to 28.3

 
  1. For multivariable analyses, prevalences with different superscripts are significantly different at the α = 0.05 level.
  2. Differences between groups of illness factors assessed utilizing two-sided t-test. Differences between groups of social factors assessed using chi-square test.