Table 2 Individual participant data meta-analyses comparing the effects of MBPs on psychological distress with control groups, by timepoint range

Control	Time	N	SMD	CIL	CIU	P	I² (%)	PIL	PIU	GRADE confidence
Passive	Post-int	13	−0.28	−0.36	−0.20	0.000	0.00	−0.36	−0.20	Moderate
Passive	1–6m	13	−0.32	−0.41	−0.24	0.000	0.00	−0.41	−0.24	High
Passive	6+m	13/3^a	−0.29	−0.40	−0.18	0.000	NA	−0.41	−0.16	Low
Active	Post-int	4	−0.05	−0.35	0.26	0.673	36.19	−0.68	0.59	Very low
Active	1–6m	4	0.03	−0.20	0.25	0.735	0.00	−0.28	0.33	Very low

Random-effects meta-analyses using the restricted maximum-likelihood method (two-sided tests with no adjustment for multiple comparisons). The primary outcome is in bold.
1–6m, follow-up within 1–6 months post-intervention; 6+m, follow-up over 6 months post-intervention; CIL, 95% confidence interval lower; CIU, 95% confidence interval upper; NA, not applicable; PIL, prediction interval lower; PIU, prediction interval upper.
^aMultivariate meta-analysis: number of studies that contributed to the result/number of studies that measured the outcome.

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