Table 3 Individual participant data interaction meta-analyses by control group and timepoint range

Control	Time	Modifier^a	N	Mod SMD	CIL	CIU	P	I² (%)	PIL	PIU
Passive	Post-int	Age	13	0.00	−0.01	0.01	0.863	0.69	−0.01	0.01
		Gender	10	0.01	−0.19	0.22	0.890	0.26	−0.20	0.22
		Distress	13	−0.07	−0.15	0.01	0.089	0.00	−0.15	0.01
		Education	11	−0.03	−0.07	0.02	0.239	2.34	−0.08	0.03
		Mindfulness	11	0.03	−0.07	0.13	0.497	0.00	−0.07	0.13
Passive	1–6m	Age	13	−0.01	−0.02	0.01	0.417	19.45	−0.03	0.02
		Gender	11	0.11	−0.13	0.36	0.330	14.97	−0.29	0.52
		Distress	13	−0.06	−0.15	0.03	0.193	0.00	−0.15	0.03
		Education^b	11	−0.01	−0.05	0.03	0.586	0.00	–	–
		Mindfulness	11	0.05	−0.06	0.17	0.314	0.00	−0.06	0.17
Passive	6+m	Age	13/3^c	−0.01	−0.02	0.01	0.344	NA	−0.02	0.01
		Gender	11/3^c	−0.01	−0.29	0.26	0.925	NA	−0.37	0.35
		Distress	13/3^c	−0.05	−0.16	0.06	0.393	NA	−0.17	0.08
		Education	11/2^c	0.05	−0.02	0.13	0.188	NA	−0.07	0.17
		Mindfulness	11/2^c	−0.02	−0.20	0.17	0.864	NA	−0.25	0.25
Active	Post-int	Age	4	0.01	−0.01	0.03	0.301	0.04	−0.02	0.03
		Gender	2	0.21	−2.00	2.41	0.445	0.00	–	–
		Distress	4	−0.02	−0.23	0.19	0.802	0.00	−0.30	0.26
		Education	4	0.04	−0.09	0.16	0.399	17.71	−0.19	0.26
		Mindfulness	4	0.11	−0.10	0.32	0.189	0.00	−0.17	0.40
Active	1–6m	Age	4	0.01	−0.01	0.03	0.209	0.03	−0.02	0.04
		Gender	2	0.12	−2.19	2.44	0.619	0.00	–	–
		Distress	4	0.22	−0.33	0.76	0.298	80.42	−1.28	1.71
		Education	4	−0.01	−0.17	0.14	0.799	37.39	−0.35	0.32
		Mindfulness	4	−0.02	−0.46	0.41	0.872	62.84	−1.09	1.04

Random-effects meta-analyses using the restricted maximum-likelihood method (two-sided tests with no adjustment for multiple comparisons). Primary outcome in bold.
Mod SMD, effect-modifier SMD, which is the change in SMD per one unit change in effect modifier.
^aMeasurement units are years for age and education and standard deviations for distress and mindfulness. The base gender is male.
^bThe random-effects model did not converge, so the fixed-effects model is reported.
^cMultivariate meta-analysis: number of studies contributing to the result/number of studies that measured this outcome.

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