Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

From: The brain structure, immunometabolic and genetic mechanisms underlying the association between lifestyle and depression

 

Number of participants (%)a

Characteristics

Depression

No depression

Total

 

(n = 12,916)

(n = 274,366)

(n = 287,282)

Age, mean (s.d.)

56.57 (8.21)

57.57 (7.87)

57.52 (7.89)

Sex

   

Female

7,624 (59.03%)

138,023 (50.31%)

145,647 (50.70%)

Male

5,292 (40.97%)

136,343 (49.69%)

141,635 (49.30%)

BMI, mean (s.d.)b

28.16 (5.22)

27.43 (4.62)

27.46 (4.65)

SES, mean (s.d.)c

−0.79 (3.27)

−1.46 (2.98)

−1.43 (3.00)

Education leveld

   

College degree

3,334 (25.81%)

89,243 (32.53%)

89,243 (32.53%)

A level

1,350 (10.45%)

30,210 (11.01%)

30,210 (11.01%)

O level

2,837 (21.97%)

58,774 (21.42%)

58,774 (21.42%)

CSE

865 (6.70%)

13,970 (5.09%)

13,970 (5.09%)

NVQ

945 (7.32%)

18,995 (6.92%)

18,995 (6.92%)

Professional qualification

698 (5.40%)

14,875 (5.42%)

14,875 (5.42%)

Others

2,767 (21.42%)

46,292 (16.87%)

46,292 (16.87%)

Missing value

120 (0.93%)

2,007 (0.73%)

2,007 (0.73%)

Lifestyle factor

   

Alcohol

   

Unhealthy alcohol consumption

4,238 (32.81%)

72,657 (26.48%)

76,895 (26.77%)

Moderate alcohol consumption

8,678 (67.19%)

201,709 (73.52%)

210,387 (73.34%)

Diet

   

Unhealthy diet

5,334 (41.30%)

105,165 (38.33%)

110,499 (38.46%)

Healthy diet

7,582 (58.70%)

169,201 (61.67%)

176,783 (61.54%)

Physical activity

   

Unhealthy physical activity

3,391 (26.25%)

57,588 (20.99%)

60,979 (21.23%)

Regular physical activity

9,525 (73.75%)

216,778 (79.01%)

226,303 (78.77%)

Smoking

   

Current and previous smoking

7,018 (54.34%)

130,515 (47.57%)

137,533 (47.87%)

Never smoking

5,898 (45.66%)

143,851 (52.43%)

149,749 (52.13%)

Sleep

   

Unhealthy sleep

4,395 (34.03%)

71,603 (26.10%)

75,998 (26.45%)

Healthy sleep

8,521 (65.97%)

202,763 (73.90%)

211,284 (73.55%)

Sedentary behavior

   

High sedentary behavior

7,203 (55.77%)

138,889 (50.62%)

146,092 (50.85%)

Low-to-moderate sedentary behavior

5,713 (44.23%)

135,477 (49.38%)

141,190 (49.15%)

Social connection

   

Infrequent social connection

2,165 (16.76%)

35,624 (12.98%)

37,789 (13.15%)

Frequent social connection

10,751 (83.24%)

238,742 (87.02%)

249,493 (86.85%)

Lifestyle class

   

Unfavorable [0–1]

366 (2.83%)

3,226 (1.18%)

3,592 (1.25%)

Intermediate [2–4]

6,160 (47.69%)

105,595 (38.49%)

111,755 (38.90%)

Favorable [5–7]

6,390 (49.47%)

165,545 (60.34%)

171,935 (59.85%)

Lifestyle score

   

0

53 (0.41%)

358 (0.13%)

411 (0.14%)

1

313 (2.42%)

2,868 (1.05%)

3,181 (1.11%)

2

928 (7.19%)

11,918 (4.34%)

12,846 (4.47%)

3

2,087 (16.16%)

32,587 (11.88%)

34,674 (12.07%)

4

3,145 (24.35%)

61,090 (22.27%)

64,235 (22.36%)

5

3,416 (26.45%)

78,254 (28.52%)

81,670 (28.43%)

6

2,240 (17.34%)

62,611 (22.82%)

64,851 (22.57%)

7

734 (5.68%)

24,680 (9.00%)

25,414 (8.85%)

Genetic risk categorye

   

Low

1,863 (21.28%)

47,660 (25.27%)

49,523 (25.09%)

Intermediate

4,353 (49.71%)

94,258 (49.98%)

98,611 (49.97%)

High

2,540 (29.01%)

46,670 (24.75%)

49,210 (24.94%)

  1. aPercentages may not sum to 100 because of rounding.
  2. bBMI, body mass index.
  3. cSES, socioeconomic status (measured by Townsend deprivation index).
  4. dClassification of education level is defined according to UKB Field ID 6138. Missing values were imputed using the mean value.
  5. eGenetic risk category is classified based on PRS as high (highest quintile), intermediate (2–4 quintile) and low (lowest quintile).
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