Fig. 1: Visualization of the Brainmarker-I classification.

A filled, pink dot on the left denotes either that the patient has low voltage alpha or that their iAF falls into the frontal synchronization range (9.6–10.4 Hz) (depicted above). The iAF is depicted in Brainmarker-I decile scores from 1 (relatively slow) to 10 (relatively fast). Low deciles (decile 1–5; blue) indicate stratification to ECT, Sync (orange) indicates 10 Hz rTMS treatment stratification, high deciles (decile 6–10; burgundy) indicate 1 Hz rTMS treatment. As visualized, the synchronization range overlaps with the decile scores, depending on the age of the individual (for example, higher deciles overlap more for older age). For subgroup assignment, the synchronization range is leading, that is, if an individual falls into that range, they are assigned to the synchronization group, otherwise the decile score indicates assignment to either low- or high-decile subgroup. A simulation for full group stratification was conducted where remission was calculated for all datasets combined but including only individuals in the respective stratified groups (for example, individuals with a high decile score in the 1 Hz rTMS samples). Sync, synchronization marker.