Table 2 Risk of occurrence of psychiatric disorders in individuals with childhood-onset T1D across sensitivity analyses

From: Childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and subsequent adult psychiatric disorders: a nationwide cohort and genome-wide Mendelian randomization study

Outcome

Sensitivity analysis

 

T1D diagnosed up to 9 years of age

Incident cases of T1D

Adjustment for the number of previous hospitalizations

Comparison with individuals with asthma

Substance use disorders

1.38 (1.13; 1.68)

1.68 (1.32; 2.13)

1.32 (1.15; 1.52)

1.13 (0.99; 1.30)

 Alcohol use disorders

1.57 (1.23; 1.99)

1.87 (1.40; 2.49)

1.70 (1.42; 2.04)

1.31 (1.10; 1.57)

 Drug use disorders

1.08 (0.78; 1.48)

1.26 (0.84; 1.87)

1.01 (0.83; 1.23)

0.91 (0.75; 1.10)

 Opioid use disorders

NA

NA

1.04 (0.56; 1.93)

1.56 (0.82; 2.97)

 Cannabis use disorders

0.88 (0.45; 1.74)

0.96 (0.44; 2.08)

1.09 (0.72; 1.65)

1.09 (0.71; 1.65)

 Other non-alcohol substance use disorders

1.08 (0.76; 1.53)

1.26 (0.81; 1.97)

0.98 (0.80; 1.22)

0.90 (0.73; 1.10)

Psychotic disorders

NA

NA

0.52 (0.30; 0.88)

0.47 (0.28; 0.80)

 Schizophrenia

NA

NA

0.67 (0.34; 1.30)

0.50 (0.26; 0.98)

 Other psychotic disorders

NA

NA

0.43 (0.23; 0.83)

0.48 (0.25; 0.91)

Mood disorders

2.63 (1.76; 3.94)

2.21 (1.28; 3.79)

2.10 (1.59; 2.77)

1.79 (1.35; 2.37)

 Bipolar disorder

NA

NA

1.25 (0.55; 2.86)

0.82 (0.35; 1.89)

 Depression

2.62 (1.67; 4.11)

2.67 (1.48; 4.81)

2.39 (1.77; 3.22)

2.12 (1.56; 2.88)

 Other mood disorders

NA

NA

1.35 (0.49; 3.67)

0.80 (0.30; 2.16)

Anxiety disorders

1.65 (1.35; 2.02)

1.67 (1.33; 2.10)

1.50 (1.29; 1.75)

1.19 (1.03; 1.39)

 Other anxiety disorders

1.77 (1.15; 2.74)

1.89 (1.20; 2.99)

1.39 (1.01; 1.91)

1.18 (0.86; 1.63)

 Panic disorder

1.38 (0.54; 3.51)

NA

1.40 (0.67; 2.93)

1.08 (0.52; 2.24)

 Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders

1.84 (1.38; 2.47)

2.19 (1.59; 3.03)

1.97 (1.60; 2.43)

1.37 (1.11; 1.70)

 All other anxiety disorders

1.50 (1.09; 2.05)

1.18 (0.81; 1.72)

1.05 (0.81; 1.36)

0.90 (0.70; 1.16)

Behavioral syndromes

2.87 (1.92; 4.28)

2.38 (1.44; 3.93)

3.20 (2.39; 4.27)

2.33 (1.73; 3.14)

 Eating disorders

1.73 (0.93; 3.18)

2.17 (1.09; 4.30)

2.70 (1.83; 3.98)

2.07 (1.38; 3.10)

 Anorexia nervosa

NA

NA

1.97 (1.14; 3.40)

1.66 (0.95; 2.89)

 Bulimia nervosa

NA

8.25 (2.52; 27.05)

4.54 (2.00; 10.29)

2.37 (1.11; 5.06)

 Other eating disorders

2.33 (1.02; 5.30)

4.64 (1.89; 11.39)

4.77 (2.56; 8.87)

2.68 (1.40; 5.11)

 Other behavioral syndromes

5.20 (3.07; 8.82)

3.10 (1.57; 6.10)

3.99 (2.61; 6.09)

2.59 (1.69; 3.97)

Personality disorders

1.72 (1.20; 2.46)

2.07 (1.33; 3.21)

1.28 (0.97; 1.69)

1.05 (0.80; 1.37)

 Specific personality disorders

2.07 (1.35; 3.19)

2.76 (1.61; 4.73)

1.44 (1.04; 1.99)

1.24 (0.89; 1.72)

 Other personality disorders

1.45 (0.84; 2.49)

1.26 (0.60; 2.63)

1.29 (0.86; 1.92)

0.94 (0.64; 1.37)

  1. NA denotes a situation when the number of outcomes in either the individuals with T1D or their matched counterparts was less than 5 (for details, see Supplementary Methods). The associations between T1D and psychiatric disorders are expressed as adjusted HRs, accompanied by 95% CIs.
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