Table 1 Comparative analysis of N removal outcomes and economic implications for the three different wetland restoration scenarios

From: The important role of wetland conservation and restoration in nitrogen removal across European river basins

Scenario

Area restored (Mha)

N removed (kt yr−1)

N load (to sea) reduction (%)

Percentage of area that meets the N load reduction target

Range of annual restoration costs (€ billion)

Range of annual ecosystem services costs (€ billion)

Full Restoration

17.2

1,536

36

61.4

55–358

25–447

CAP 4%

6.2

673

16

12.1

17–113

9–162

Farmland Abandonment

8.6

910

22

22.4

24–150

112–224

  1. The annual restoration and ecosystem services costs are referenced to euro 2020 price levels. For further information on these estimates, see Methods.
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