Fig. 4: Breakdown of potential distributions.
From: Theory for dynamic ion transport in ion-shuttling electrodes for electrochemical ion pumping
a, Spatial distributions of the CEP potential (ϕCEP), Donnan potential between the CEP and the micropore (∆ϕD,CEP/pore), Stern potential (∆ϕs) and the potential of the carbon matrix (ϕcarbon) across the CSE in a charging step in DSS at the beginning of charging, half-way of charging and end of charging. The potential of the diluate is chosen to be zero (reference). b,c, The temporal evolution of the spatial averages of various potentials or potential drops in a DSS cycle with both diluate and concentrate salinities fixed at 100 mM (b) and with different salt concentrations for diluate (20 mM) and concentrate (180 mM) (c). The simulation was performed using a constant current condition (20 A m−2) with a full-cycle time of 200 s. \({V}_{{\rm{T}}}\) is the thermal voltage (25.7 mV at 25 °C). Other parameters are presented in Supplementary Table 1.
