Fig. 6: Ion transport and voltage characteristics of a multi-electrode EIP stack.
From: Theory for dynamic ion transport in ion-shuttling electrodes for electrochemical ion pumping
a, Simulation results of spatial distribution of ion concentrations and electric potential in a connected unit and a disconnected unit half-way of a charging–discharge step. b, Experimental and simulation results of voltage distributions across six circuits. Time-dependent voltages across different circuits show consistent repeating unit voltages and elevated terminal voltages due to electrolysis. c, The relationship between applied current density and voltage in the terminal circuit and repeating circuit. Both experimental and modelling results demonstrate increased voltage drops at higher currents. The current density is 20 A m−2 for a and b. The simulation and experiments were performed using a full-cycle time of 40 s. \({V}_{{\rm{T}}}\) is the thermal voltage (25.7 mV at 25 °C).
