Table 2 Effects of different HTAs on various host proteins hijacked by the virus for replication
Host-targeted antivirals (HTAs) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Type | Antiviral | Effect | Reference |
Entry inhibitors | Maraviroc | Maraviroc is an antagonist of host receptor CCR5, binding and preventing its interaction with gp120 required for viral entry. | |
Avoralstat Camostator Nafamostat | Serine protease inhibitors that target TMPRSS2 on host cells, required for entry of SARS CoV-2 | ||
Immune-stimulant | Interferon | Activates interferon stimulated genes to place host cells in an an antiviral state | |
Nucleotide depletion | Brequinar | Inhibitor of host Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), enzyme, required for de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Pyrimidine depletion impedes viral replication in host cells. | |
Mycophenolic acid | Inhibitor of de novo purine biosynthesis pathway by interacting with host inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH). Purine depletion impedes viral replication in host cells. | ||
Post-translational modification inhibitors | UV-4B | Binds to host factors responsible for the glycosylation of viral proteins which are essential post translational modifications to become functional | |
Nuclear import/export inhibitors | Minocycline, ATR-002 | Targets host proteins in the MEK/ERK signalling pathway, which is crucial for the export of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) |
