Table 1 Regularly updated AMR databases
From: Antimicrobial resistance databases: opportunities and challenges for public health
Database | Developer | Content type | Content class | Approximate number of genes and alleles | Curation strategy | Species-specific curation | Phenotype prediction | Latest Version | Approximate frequency of updates | URL | Associated bioinformatic tool | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CARD | McMaster University | Proteins, genes and point mutations, ontologies for antibiotic resistance and detection models | Antibiotics, disinfecting agents and antiseptics | 9600 | Manual and computer-assisted (CARD-Shark) curation of literature, QC checks, community curation | Yes, for mutations in some species | No | Version 4.0.0 (18th December 2024) | 1–3 months | RGI (command-line and web-based) | ||
AMRFinderPlus | National Center for Biotechnology Information | Proteins, genes and point mutations, reference gene hierarchy and reference hidden markov models | Antibiotics, stress (disinfecting agents and antiseptics, heat, metal), virulence | 9900 | Manual curation of literature searches, communication with experts, Lahey and Pasteur β-lactamase databases and CARD and ResFinder and PointFinder, automated QC checks | Yes, for mutations in some species | No | Version 4.0.1 (18th December 2024) | 2-4 months | AMRFinderPlus (command-line based, Galaxy servers) | ||
ResFinder | Technical University of Denmark | Genes, descriptive genotype to phenotype and species-specific bacterial resistance data | Antibiotics | 3200 | Manual curation of literature, CARD, ARDBa, BLDB and community curation. | Yes, for some species | Yes, for some species | Version 2.4.0 (13th December 2024) | 1-5 months | https://bitbucket.org/genomicepidemiology/resfinder_db/src/master/ | ResFinder (command-line and web-based) | |
PointFinder | Technical University of Denmark | Point mutations, descriptive genotype to phenotype and species-specific bacterial resistance data | Antibiotics | 1300 | Manual curation of literature, and community curation | Yes, for some species | Yes, for some species | Version 4.1.1 (8th August 2024) | 3-5 months | https://bitbucket.org/genomicepidemiology/pointfinder_db/src/master/ | ResFinder (command-line and web-based) | |
DisinFinder | Technical University of Denmark | Genes and descriptive data | Disinfecting agents and antiseptics | 16 | Manual curation of literature | No | No | Version 2.0.1 (31th May 2023) | 5 months | https://bitbucket.org/genomicepidemiology/disinfinder_db/src/master/ | ResFinder (command-line and web-based) | - |
Kleborate | Monash University and The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine | Genes, point mutations, gene truncations and intrinsic β-lactamases | Antibiotics | 2700 | Manual curation of CARD v3.2.9 and ARG-ANNOTa databases | Yes | No | Version 3.1.2 (30th October 2024) | 1–4 months | Kleborate (command-line, Galaxy servers) | ||
Pathogenwatch | University of Oxford | Genes and point mutations, interactions | Antibiotics | 700 | Manual curation of literature searches, personal communications, and CARD, ResFinder, AMRfinderplus and Kleborate databases | Yes | Yes | Version 23.1.0 (13th November 2024) | 1–2 months | Pathogenwatch (web-based) | ||
WHO catalogue of mutations in MTBc and their association with drug resistance | WHO | Point mutations, associations with resistance | Antibiotics | 48,152 | Standardized bioinformatic analysis of genomes with matched AST results, followed by an association study and confidence grading method | Yes | Yes | 2nd Edition (2023) | 7–12 months | None |
