Table 2 Infections outbreaks caused by Candida parapsilosis harbouring the Y132F substitution reported over the last 20 years

⁷⁴

No genotyping analysis

First report of the Y132F substitution in Turkey (isolates from 2004)

⁶⁸

Isolates belonging to two genotypes, each one affecting a different hospital

First report of the Y132F substitution in South Korea (isolates from 2006)

⁶⁴

Clonal outbreaks in different hospitals

Isolates mostly from Atlanta hospitals

First report of the Y132F substitution in the United States of America (isolates from 2008)

Patients in a given hospital affected by different clones; conversely, a given clone found in different hospitals

¹⁴³

Isolates collected in hospitals from Atlanta’s area in 2021

Increasing number of resistant isolates

One clade (whole genome sequencing) included resistant isolates and spread across hospitals

Genotypes identical to those previously found in 2019 and 2020

⁵⁶

Four clonally related genotypes involving fluconazole-susceptible isolates, and fluconazole-resistant isolates harbouring either the Y132F substitution or other substitutions

First report of the Y132F substitution in South Africa (isolates from 2009)

⁸⁰

No genotyping analysis

First report of the Y132F substitution in Kuwait (isolates from 2012)

⁶⁶

Clonal spread across an intensive care unit of a hospital in Brazil

First report of the Y132F substitution in Brazil (isolates from 2013)

⁷²

Clonal spread across an intensive care unit of a hospital in Brazil

The first clonal fluconazole-resistant isolate appeared in June 2013. Additional eight patients at the same unit harboured fluconazole-resistant isolates afterwards

⁵⁵

Oncology ICU in a Brazilian hospital

Four genotypes involving resistant isolates

One large cluster involving isolates harbouring the Y132F substitution which consisted of both clinical isolates, and for the first time reported, environmental isolates

¹⁴⁴

Clonal spread of Brazilian genotypes across a cardiology referral centre; genotypes previously reported in the hospital

Genotypes transferred during the COVID-19 pandemic to an oncology adjacent hospital which had been unaffected

⁷⁰

Increasing number of non-susceptible isolates

Several clones in a single hospital, but one clone was dominating

Multiple wards affected

First report of the Y132F substitution in Italy (isolates from 2014)

⁷⁵

Increasing number of non-susceptible isolates

All but one isolate were included into two clonally related genotypes; some wards affected, mostly the ICU

First report of the Y132F substitution in Mexico (isolates from 2014)

²⁰

Isolates sent to a referral centre in Germany

Clonal outbreaks detected at some hospitals and patients transfers may explain the presence of identical clones at different hospitals in Berlin

First report of the Y132F substitution in Germany (isolates from 2014)

Isolates from Canada were genetically related to the ones from Germany

⁶⁷

Two large clusters, clonally related, and found at 11 hospitals scattered all over India

First report of the Y132F substitution in India (isolates from 2015)

Five additional clusters involving only 2–3 isolates each and randomly distributed in seven hospitals

⁷¹

20 hospitals with isolates harbouring the Y132F substitution, some clones were endemic clusters and were even present in different hospitals

First report of the Y132F substitution in China (isolates from 2012–2017)

⁶⁹

Isolates from the SENTRY program (2016–2017) and no genotyping analysis

First report of the Y132F substitution in France (isolates from 2017), before the description of the first clonal outbreak in this country¹¹³

First report of a fluconazole-susceptible isolate harbouring the Y132F substitution

Isolates harbouring the Y132F were particularly frequent in Italy

¹⁴⁵

No genotyping analysis

First report of the Y132F substitution in Colombia (isolates from 2016–2020)

¹⁴⁶

No genotyping analysis

First report of the Y132F substitution in Pakistan (isolates from 2018–2020)

¹³⁶

Clonal outbreak

First report of the Y132F substitution in Lebanon (isolates from 2016–2018)

¹¹⁶

Clonal outbreak, many wards affected

One dominating genotype and some others clonally related

First report of the Y132F substitution in Spain (isolates from 2019)

¹²⁷

No genotyping analysis

First report of the Y132F substitution in Greece (isolates from 2019) and Israel (isolates from 2020)

¹⁴⁷

Clonal outbreak in the neonatology unit affecting three neonates

First report of the Y132F substitution in the UK (isolates from 2024)