Table 2 Yearly average costs per batch and per ton of final malt for each malting step for malting barley and rice

Malting step	Per 4-ton input batch [$ batch⁻¹]		Per metric ton of malt year^A [$ ton⁻¹]
	Barley	Rice^B	Barley	Rice^B
Steep^C	12***	18	3***	6
Germination^D	181***	177	53**	54
Kiln^E	85***	97	25***	30
Other operational costs^F	79***	94	23***	29
Total operational costs^G	357***	386	106***	118
Labor and non-operational^H	1388***	1660	410***	508
Total^I	1744***	2046	515***	626

Steep, germination, and kilning costs involve costs strictly related to the process. Other operational costs involve costs that are related to operations not included in any of the forementioned processes (e.g., grain handling, grain cleaning, compressed air, miscellaneous electric costs). Total operational costs compress the sum of each process (e.g., steep, germination, and kiln) plus other operational costs. Labor and non-operational costs include workers, air conditioning, insurance, and taxes. Values statistically different (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) according to Student’s t-test. Considering barley with 67 batches per year and rice with 56 batches per year, as shown in Table S2.
^aMalt production considering rice and barley at 15% and 12% moisture content, respectively, and final malt moisture content of 4% for both cereal malts.
^bSame malting costs for medium and long grain rice.
^cCalculated from supplementary equations (SE) 1 & 2 in Supplementary Information.
^dCalculated from SE 3–13.
^eCalculated from SE 14–20.
^fCalculated from SE 21–25.
^gCalculated from SE 26–28.
^hCalculated from SE 29 & 30.
ⁱCalculated from SE 31–33.

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