Table 4 Cost of production for 10 hL of all-malt (100%) or with 40% adjunct beers

Adjunct beers (60% barley malt, 40% adjunct)^B
Adjunct	Adjunct required	Brewing aids	Cost per 10 hL
	[kg]	[$]	[$]
PLR	81	0	193^f
HLR	94	0	207^d
PMR	80	0	194^e
BR	70	58	211^c
SH	70	58	214^b
HR	70	58	230^a

BM barley malt, LGR average from all long grain rice malt, MGR average from all medium grain rice malt, PLR best performing pureline long grain rice malt, HLR hybrid rice malt, PMR best performing pureline medium grain rice malt, BR Brewer’s rice (milled rice), SH second heads (milled rice), HR head rice (milled rice). Adjunct is a source of sugars other than barley malt. Batch is each process of beer production. Brewing aids are exogenous materials (enzymes, FAN, and rice hulls) and processes (boiling) added to the brewing process. 1 hL is equivalent to 100 L.
^aCalculated as in supplementary equations (SE) 37 & 38 in Supplementary Information.
^bCalculated as in SE 37, 38–48.
Lowercase letters differentiate between distinct groups (Fischer’s test, p = 0.05).

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