Fig. 2: Global broccoli and cauliflower trade overview.

a Countries producing ≥100,000 tons annually and exporting ≥1000 tons are highlighted. Arrows represent major export routes, with direction indicating trade flow. The bar chart on the right displays standardized total production across all reporting countries. b Chord diagrams illustrate the direction and volume of trade. The left panel shows exports, and the right panel shows imports. Arrows point toward the destination country, and their thickness corresponds to the quantity traded. Countries are labeled by numeric ID, with names listed below each diagram. Data sourced from FAO¹⁰⁶.