Table 2 Multivariate multinomial logistic regression predicting latent class membership using baseline predictors (n = 13,714)

From: Long-term elevated levels of loneliness are linked to lower health-related quality of life in middle-aged Australian women

 

Increasinga

mOR (95%CI)

Stable-mediuma

mOR (95%CI)

Stable-higha

mOR (95%CI)

Age

1.00 (0.95, 1.06)

1.01 (0.95, 1.07)

1.01 (0.93, 1.09)

Education

 High school or less

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Tertiary not university

0.90 (0.73, 1.11)

0.90 (0.71, 1.15)

0.82 (0.57, 1.19)

 College/ university

0.96 (0.74, 1.26)

0.95 (0.72, 1.27)

0.76 (0.48, 1.19)

Living arrangement

 Live alone

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Live with others

1.23 (0.79, 1.91)

1.10 (0.63, 1.92)

0.98 (0.61, 1.58)

Marital status

 Partnered

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Non-partnered

1.21 (0.94, 1.54)

1.28 (0.97, 1.69)

1.28 (0.92, 1.78)

 Widowed

1.56 (0.87, 2.80)

1.70 (0.98, 2.94)

2.08 (1.15, 3.78)

Currently employed

 No

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Yes

0.95 (0.77, 1.18)

0.99 (0.79, 1.24)

0.85 (0.64, 1.12)

IRSD

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

Location of residence

 Major city

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Regional

1.04 (0.82, 1.32)

1.10 (0.84, 1.46)

0.95 (0.71, 1.26)

 Remote

1.01 (0.65, 1.58)

0.97 (0.57, 1.64)

1.37 (0.77, 2.42)

Born in Australia

 Yes

Reference

Reference

Reference

 No

1.01 (0.77, 1.31)

0.94 (0.71, 1.25)

0.86 (0.62, 1.20)

Language spoken at home

 English

Reference

Reference

Reference

 European

1.07 (0.65, 1.75)

1.20 (0.68, 2.12)

1.14 (0.60, 2.15)

 Asian

0.89 (0.32, 2.48)

0.96 (0.31, 2.92)

1.08 (0.30, 3.81)

 Other

1.06 (0.38, 2.98)

1.34 (0.46, 3.87)

1.73 (0.51, 5.90)

Risky alcohol consumption (>10 drinks p/week)b

 No

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.08 (0.74, 1.57)

1.24 (0.87, 1.79)

0.98 (0.64, 1.50)

Binge drinking (>1 episode p/week)

 No

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.10 (0.85, 1.43)

1.00 (0.76, 1.33)

0.98 (0.72, 1.35)

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Ex-smoker

1.09 (0.86, 1.36)

1.06 (0.82, 1.37)

1.05 (0.75, 1.45)

 Current smoker

1.24 (1.01, 1.54)

1.28 (1.01, 1.61)

1.13 (0.80, 1.61)

Body mass index

 Healthy (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.9)

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Underweight (<18.5)

0.86 (0.41, 1.80)

0.86 (0.40, 1.85)

1.41 (0.60, 3.32)

 Overweight (25.0 ≤ BMI ≤ 29.9)

1.12 (0.91, 1.37)

1.05 (0.83, 1.33)

1.28 (0.94, 1.73)

 Obese (≥30.0)

1.18 (0.93, 1.49)

1.08 (0.81, 1.45)

1.55 (1.12, 2.15)

Depression (CES-D score)

1.06 (1.02, 1.09)

1.07 (1.04, 1.11)

1.11 (1.07, 1.15)

Stress score

1.37 (1.12, 1.68)

1.36 (1.09, 1.70)

1.72 (1.34, 2.20)

Depressionc

 No

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.34 (0.98, 1.83)

1.47 (1.11, 1.93)

1.34 (0.97, 1.85)

Anxietyd

 No

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Yes

1.06 (-0.16, 0.27)

1.00 (0.78, 1.28)

0.83 (0.60, 1.15)

Social support score

0.75 (0.62, 0.90)

0.70 (0.59, 0.84)

0.55 (0.48, 0.62)

  1. mOR Multinomial odds ratio, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression, IRSD Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage.
  2. aReference class: ‘Stable-low’. mORs refer to the odds of having the attribute in a certain class compared to the stable-low class.
  3. bRisky alcohol consumption: consuming more than 10 standard drinks in a week or more than four standard drinks per day.
  4. cDepression: ever being told by a doctor about having depression or having symptoms of depression.
  5. dAnxiety: ever being told by a doctor about having anxiety or having symptoms of anxiety.
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