Table 4 Multilevel model with fixed and random effects for verbal fluency

From: Profiles of social isolation and loneliness as moderators of the longitudinal association between uncorrected hearing impairment and cognitive aging

 

Verbal fluency

SE

t (df)

CI

p

B (β)

Fixed effects

 (Intercept)

26.75 (0.06)

0.31

86.76 (35,110)

26.15 to 27.36

<0.001

Retest effects

 Wave 2

0.51 (0.01)

0.07

7.24 (106,900)

0.37 to 0.65

<0.001

 Wave 4

0.48 (0.02)

0.06

7.58 (111,100)

0.36 to 0.61

<0.001

 Wave 5

1.08 (0.05)

0.05

19.72 (115,600)

0.97 to 1.19

<0.001

 Wave 6

1.24 (0.07)

0.06

21.88 (120,200)

1.13 to 1.35

<0.001

 Wave 7

1.32 (0.04)

0.09

14.85 (123,600)

1.14 to 1.49

<0.001

 Wave 8

1.85 (0.08)

0.09

20.98 (130,600)

1.68 to 2.03

<0.001

 Wave 9

1.98 (0.08)

0.10

19.30 (131,700)

1.78 to 2.18

<0.001

Between-subjects’ effects

 Age (M)

−0.16 (−0.17)

0.004

−40.31 (34,390)

−0.17 to −0.15

<0.001

 Sex (Female respondents)

0.38 (0.02)

0.06

5.97 (33,100)

0.26 to 0.51

<0.001

 Education

1.65 (0.30)

0.02

71.59 (33,120)

1.60 to 1.69

<0.001

 Chronic conditions (M)

−0.04 (−0.01)

0.03

−1.65 (33,890)

−0.10 to 0.01

0.099

 Hearing impairment (M)

−0.49 (−0.05)

0.04

−11.37 (33,830)

−0.58 to −0.41

<0.001

Profiles of social isolation and loneliness (ref: non-isolated and low loneliness)

 Non-isolated and high loneliness

−1.49 (−0.19)

0.07

−22.61 (33,130)

−1.61 to −1.36

<0.001

 Isolated and low loneliness

−0.23 (−0.03)

0.32

−0.72 (34,130)

−0.84 to 0.39

0.474

 Isolated and high loneliness

−1.94 (−0.25)

0.26

−7.50 (33,820)

−2.45 to −1.43

<0.001

Within-subjects’ effects

 Age (C)

−0.20 (−0.11)

0.01

−25.30 (129,200)

−0.22 to −0.19

<0.001

 Chronic conditions (C)

0.04 (0.004)

0.02

2.46 (103,500)

0.01 to 0.07

0.014

 Hearing impairment (C)

−0.25 (−0.02)

0.02

−10.69 (16,740)

−0.29 to −0.20

<0.001

 Hearing impairment (C2)

−0.18 (−0.01)

0.03

−6.62 (5,018)

−0.23 to −0.13

<0.001

 

Estimates

SD

CI

Random effects

 Residual variance

22.07

4.70

4.68 to 4.72

 Intercept (variance)

27.22

5.22

5.16 to 5.27

 Hearing Impairment (C) slope (variance)

1.20

1.09

0.99 to 1.19

 Hearing Impairment (C2) slope (variance)

0.34

0.58

0.42 to 0.72

 Intercept*Hearing impairment (C) slope (covariance)

0.04

–

−0.01 to 0.09

 Intercept*Hearing impairment (C2) slope (covariance)

−0.27

–

−0.37 to −0.18

 Hearing impairment (C) slope* Hearing impairment (C2) slope (covariance)

0.24

–

0.04 to 0.45

ICC

0.55

N

33,727

Observations

137,031

Marginal R2/Conditional R2

0.182/0.634

  1. The CIs in the random effects’ variances correspond to their Standard Deviations, while in the random effects’ covariances they correspond to the actual estimates.
  2. M person-mean variable (between-subjects differences), C person-mean centred variable indicating the linear change, C2 person-mean centred variable indicating the quadratic change, SD standard deviation, CI 95% confidence intervals, Marginal R2 variance explained by fixed effects only, Conditional R2 variance explained by fixed and random effects.
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