Fig. 2: Boxplots comparing children’s play behaviours, engagement, and play session duration with toy percussion instruments (control) and loose parts.

Panels A–D show children’s STEM behaviours for the control and loose parts sessions; only STEM behaviour variables that differed significantly between conditions are included. Panels E and F show children’s STEM Engagement Scores and play session duration for the control and loose parts sessions. Each box represents the middle 50% of measurements, whiskers indicate the lowest and highest 25%, and dots denote outliers. N = 60.