Fig. 2: Forest plot of unstandardized beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for the multilevel model effects of all videos on technique discernment and technique recognition of the relevant manipulative and non-manipulative content for the three respective manipulation tactics.
From: Video inoculation against election misinformation across 12 EU nations
This Shows that the Long Videos Significantly Increased Technique Discernment and Detection of the Relevant Manipulative Content, and Reduced Technique Recognition of the Relevant Non-Manipulative Content Compared to the Control Group for all Tactics. The Short Videos also Significantly Increased Technique Recognition of the Relevant Manipulative Content and Reduced Technique Recognition of the Relevant Non-Manipulative Content Compared to the Control Group. The Effects of the Short Videos on Manipulation Discernment of the Relevant Content Compared to the Control Group were Non-Significant. Note. N = 17,917 to 18,738. Positive effect sizes denote higher correct detection of manipulative or non-manipulative content in the experimental conditions compared to the control group. Negative effect sizes denote lower correct detection of manipulative or non-manipulative content in the experimental conditions compared to the control group.
