Table 2 Summary of results and their implications for hypothesis testing
From: Video inoculation against election misinformation across 12 EU nations
Scapegoating | Decontextualization | Discrediting | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | Short |
Manipulation discernment | Improved | Null | Improved | Null | Improved | Improved |
d [95% CI] | 0.08 [0.03, 0.12] | 0.03 [−0.04, 0.10] | 0.10 [0.06, 0.15] | 0.03 [−0.04, 0.10] | 0.12 [0.07, 0.16] | 0.09 [0.02, 0.16] |
Assessments (manipulative) | Improved | Null | Improved | Null | Improved | Improved |
d [95% CI] | 0.11 [0.07, 0.16] | 0.03 [−0.04, 0.10] | 0.11 [0.07, 0.16] | 0.06 [−0.01, 0.13] | 0.13 [0.08, 0.17] | 0.09 [0.02, 0.16] |
Assessments (non-manipulative) | Null | Null | Null | Null | Null | Null |
d [95% CI] | 0.02 [−0.02, 0.06] | 0.01 [−0.07, 0.07] | −0.01 [−0.05, 0.04] | 0.02 [−0.05, 0.09] | −0.03 [−0.07, 0.02] | −0.03 [−0.10, 0.40] |
Technique discernment | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved |
d [95% CI] | 0.38 [0.34, 0.43] | 0.28 [0.21, 0.34] | 0.35 [0.30, 0.39] | 0.36 [.28, 0.42] | 0.20 [0.16, 0.25] | 0.14 [0.06, 0.20] |
Technique (manipulative) | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved |
d [95% CI] | 0.36 [0.32, 0.41] | 0.21 [0.14, 0.27] | 0.32 [0.28, 0.36] | 0.28 [0.21, 0.35] | 0.21 [0.17, 0.25] | 0.10 [0.03, 0.17] |
Technique (non-manipulative) | Backfired | Backfired | Backfired | Backfired | Backfired | Backfired |
d [95% CI] | −0.20 [−0.24, −0.15] | −0.19 [−0.26, −0.13] | −0.19 [−0.23, −0.15] | −0.24 [−0.30, −0.17] | −0.13 [−0.17, −0.08] | −0.09 [−0.16, −0.02] |
Confidence | Improved | Null | Backfired | Backfired | Improved | Improved |
d [95% CI] | 0.11 [0.06, 0.18] | 0.07 [−0.01, 0.15] | −0.08 [−0.12, 0.03] | −0.07 [−0.15, 0.01] | 0.11 [0.06, 0.15] | 0.15 [0.07, 0.24] |
Sharing decisions | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved |
d [95% CI] | 0.07 [0.03, 0.12] | 0.08 [0.01, 0.15] | 0.16 [0.12, 0.21] | 0.10 [0.03, 0.17] | 0.18 [0.14, 0.23] | 0.13 [0.06, 0.19] |
Sharing (manipulative) | Backfired | Null | Improved | Null | Null | Null |
d [95% CI] | 0.07 [0.03, 0.12] | 0.06 [−0.01, 0.13] | −0.04 [−0.09, −0.01] | 0.05 [−0.02, 0.12] | 0.01 [−0.04, 0.05] | 0.05 [−0.02, 0.12] |
Sharing (non-manipulative) | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved | Improved |
d [95% CI] | 0.12 [0.08, 0.17] | 0.11 [0.04, 0.18] | 0.08 [0.03, 0.12] | 0.12 [0.06, 0.19] | 0.15 [0.10, 0.19] | 0.14 [0.07, 0.21] |
