Table 3 Linear mixed models examining the effects of demographic variables on the perceived climate of polarization, perceived breakdown of leadership, and perceived breakdown of social fabric

From: Country-level instability is related to a stronger perceived climate of polarization across 44 countries

 

Perceived climate of polarization

Perceived breakdown in leadership

Perceived breakdown in social fabric

Predictors

β

df

95% CI

p

β

df

95% CI

p

β

df

95% CI

p

(Intercept)

3.21

46.42

[3.11, 3.30]

<.001***

4.33

46.02

[4.20, 4.46]

<.001***

4.41

47.00

[4.32, 4.50]

<.001***

Age

−0.02

8516.76

[−0.04, 0.00]

.016*

−0.08

8427.71

[−0.11, −0.06]

<.001***

−0.12

8416.06

[−0.14, −0.10]

<.001***

Gender [female]

−0.02

8507.91

[−0.06, 0.02]

.285

0.10

8419.56

[0.05, 0.14]

<.001***

0.04

8406.50

[0.00, 0.07]

.061

Economic political orientation

−0.01

8515.91

[−0.03, 0.02]

.623

−0.04

8426.65

[−0.07, 0.00]

.044*

0.01

8415.61

[−0.01, 0.04]

.344

Social political orientation

0.00

8514.57

[−0.03, 0.02]

.814

0.10

8425.67

[0.07, 0.14]

<.001***

0.04

8414.21

[0.01, 0.07]

.004**

Socioeconomic status

−0.04

8540.98

[−0.05, −0.02]

<.001***

−0.23

8450.25

[−0.25, −0.21]

<.001***

−0.10

8442.12

[−0.12, −0.08]

<.001***

Religiosity

0.00

8502.10

[−0.02, 0.02]

.819

−0.09

8432.69

[−0.12, −0.07]

<.001***

0.02

8363.43

[0.00, 0.05]

.028*

Random Effects

            

Residual

0.68

   

1.12

   

0.75

   

Country (intercept)

0.10

   

0.18

   

0.09

   

ICC

0.124

   

0.14

   

0.11

   

Observations

8555

   

8467

   

8453

   

Marginal R2

0.003

   

0.056

   

0.029

   

Conditional R2

0.126

   

0.186

   

0.133

   
  1. Separate models were programmed with (1) the perceived climate of polarization, (2) perceived breakdown of leadership, and (3) perceived breakdown of social fabric as outcome variables. Gender was coded as male (1) and female (2). Marginal R2 only pertains to fixed effects and Conditional R2 pertains to the entire model. Predictors have been standardized (M = 0, SD = 1), so beta values represent expected change in the perception variables (in raw units) for one SD increase in the predictor. CI confidence interval. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.
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