Abstract
The wearable artificial kidney has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative for end-stage renal disease due to its flexibility and portability, effectively clearing water and uremic toxins. However, conventional hemodialysis-based devices rely on liquid–liquid exchange and necessitate large quantities of dialysate to sustain a sufficient concentration gradient across the dialysis membrane, compromising portability and mobility. Here we develop a dialysate-free wearable artificial kidney prototype that uses a blood purifier for water removal, based on a vapor-driven liquid–gas phase transition, and integrates adsorption to remove uremic toxins. The system achieves a high water clearance flux of approximately 7 ml min−1 m−2 and successfully performs renal replacement therapy in rabbits with acute renal injury, efficiently removing water, creatinine and β2-microglobulin. With a current weight of less than 3.8 kg and potential for further engineering optimization, this dialysate-free wearable artificial kidney prototype supports the feasibility of practical portable blood purification, opening avenues for flexible and efficient nephropathy treatment.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the help of the Experimental Animal Center of West China Hospital Sichuan University for the animal experiments. We are grateful for the hemoperfusion resin adsorbents provided by Chongqing Healthcom Blood Purification Equipment Research and Development Co., Ltd. We are grateful for the assistance provided by J. Chen in the design and fabrication of dialysate-free WAK prototype. We are grateful to R. Zhong of the Institute of Blood Transfusion (IBT), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)/Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), for help in the characterization of hemocompatibility, especially the deformability of red blood cells. We sincerely thank the Analysis and Testing Center of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China for the technical support and assistance provided in the surface morphology characterization of GBMs. We acknowledge funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22325201 (X.D.), 22205033 (J.L.) and 22275028 (D.W.)).
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J. Luo, C.Z., D.W. and X.D. conceptualized the project. J. Luo, H.Y., D.W. and X.D. developed the methodology. J. Luo, H.Y., B.L., J. Liu, J.Y. and Y.Z. prepared the samples and performed the characterization. X.Y., S.C., X.L., Y.L., F.D., G.L., Q.W., W.Z. and B.S. supervised the hemocompatibility and animal experiment. J. Luo, H.Y. and X.Y. performed the animal experiments. J. Luo, H.Y., C.Z., D.W. and X.D. developed the dialysate-free WAK prototype. All authors conducted the investigations. J. Luo, D.W. and X.D. acquired funding. D.W. and X.D. administered the project. Q.W., Y.L., W.Z., C.Z., D.W. and X.D. supervised the project. J. Luo wrote the original draft. All authors reviewed and edited the paper.
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D.W., J. Luo and X.D. report the submission of a provisional patent application (patent application number 202210934680.9, China) encompassing the technologies described.
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Nature Chemical Engineering thanks Maria Grazia De Angelis, Bozhi Tian and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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Supplementary Notes 1 and 2, Figs. 1–29, Tables 1–5, Methods and References.
Supplementary Video 1 (download MOV )
GBM with gas permeation and liquid-repellent properties.
Supplementary Video 2 (download MOV )
Blood-repellent properties of GBM.
Supplementary Video 3 (download MOV )
A dialysate-free WAK prototype based on a liquid–gas phase transition.
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Liquid circulation via a dialysate-free WAK prototype.
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Luo, J., Yu, H., Yang, X. et al. A dialysate-free wearable artificial kidney prototype driven by a liquid–gas phase transition. Nat Chem Eng 3, 128–138 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-026-00355-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-026-00355-6
