Table 2 Examples of biomass-based bioplastics
Biomass | Plasticizer | Filler | Characteristics of bioplastic | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt | Glycerol | Walnut shell powder (12%) | • Tensile strength: 18.53 ± 0.62 MPa • Fracture strain: 78.11 ± 3.36% • Toughness: 8.00 ± 0.31 MJ/m3 • Biodegradability: completely discomposed after 2 days in rainy weather | Food packaging | |
Cassava starch | Glycerol | Cellulosic fibers | • Flexibility: 25–32.24 N • Water solubility: 50–56% • Whiteness index: 85.5–86.9 • Antioxidant capacity • Biodegradability: >55% | Food packaging Agricultural films Compostable bags | |
Cellulose | Glycerol | Beeswax | • Tensile strength: ~20 MPa • Elongation at break: ~12% • High resistance to oils and fats • Antioxidant properties • Biodegradable in seawater | Food packaging | |
Cellulose from maize straw and fiber from sugarcane bagasse (75:25) | Glycerol | – | • Tensile strength: 3.8 MPa • Moisture content: 16% • Water absorption: 33% • Biodegradability in soil | Food packaging | |
Lignin-chitosan | Glycerol | – | • Tensile strength: 20.28–34.86 MPa • Elongation at break: 5.72–18.71% • Antioxidant activity • Biodegradability: almost complete after 7 days | Seed coating | |
Lignin | Glycerol | – | • Tensile strength: 22–31.38 MPa • Elongation at break: 11.83–17.63% • Antioxidant activity: 51.4–74.6% • Biodegradability 78.7% | Food packaging | |
Starch | Glycerol and sorbitol | Calcium carbonate | • Tensile strength: 6.08 MPa • Flexible • Water solubility: 20.50% • Biodegradation rate: 66.68% | Food packaging | |
Starch and chitosan | Glycerol | – | • Tensile strength: 59.98–60.21 MPa • Resistance to mechanical stress • Conservation capacity • Antimicrobial properties (with silver nanoparticles) | Food packaging | |
Starch from banana | Glycerol | Carboxymethyl cellulose | • Tensile strength: 6.81–7.91% • Elongation: 46.77–62.23% • Moisture content: 33–38% • Water absorption: 75.29% • Hydrophobicity: 17–23% • Biodegradable | Food packaging | |
Starch from potato | Glycerol and sorbitol | Aluminum metal powder | • Strength: 29.91 MPa • Moisture content: 6.79% • Moisture absorption: 60.59% • Biodegradable: >105 days | Food packaging | |
Starch from Zea mays and Colocasia esculenta | Glycerol | Carbon quantum dots | • Tensile strength: 21.53 MPa • Elongation at break: 680.58% • Hydrophobicity • Water resistance • Antimicrobial properties • Antioxidant properties • Biodegradable | Food packaging |
