Fig. 1: Overview of ultra-high-performance concrete.

a Typical proportions of key constituents in normal-strength concrete, high-strength concrete, and UHPC, data collected from36,368 (Note: Percentages are calculated based on the mass fraction of each constituent relative to the total mixture mass per cubic metre of concrete, expressed in kg/m3). b Sustainability and material-related limitations associated with the primary constituents of UHPC.