Fig. 2: Research and global industrial interest in UHPC.

a Global UHPC market size and scope, data collected from ref. 34 (Note: The 7.5% value represents the projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of UHPC market revenue over the period 2026–2033). b Annual number of publications focussing on sustainability and low-carbon initiatives in UHPC from 2008 to 2025 (Note: Counts are based on keyword searches including “low-carbon'', “sustainable'', and “green'', which may underestimate the actual number of relevant papers). c Sankey diagram illustrating the evolution of research focus on constituent replacements in UHPC from 2008 to 2025 (Note: Flow thickness on the left represents the number of studies in each year, while the values on the right indicate the cumulative number of studies for each replacement type).