Fig. 22: Comparison of embodied carbon among conventional and replacement material compositions in UHPC.

The figure presents the embodied carbon footprint of 1 m³ of UHPC formulated with conventional and various SCMs, as a function of 28-day compressive strength. For each mixture, the embodied carbon was computed using \({\rm{Embodied}}\,{\rm{carbon}}={\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{{\rm{mass}}}_{i}\cdot {\rm{EC}}_{i}\), where EC_i denotes the embodied CO₂ per unit mass of constituent i (see Table 3). The x-axis represents 28-day compressive strength measured on cube specimens; where only cylindrical strengths were reported, values were converted to cube equivalent using the empirical correlations proposed by Graybeal and Davis³⁸¹. Data sources for the mix proportions of each material category are as follows: AAM^{288,295,327,382}; FA^119,322; GGBFS²⁰⁸; GP^158,322; SS¹⁵⁸; NBP²⁴³; RHA²⁰⁸; CC (MK)^23,119 CC (MK) and FA¹¹⁹; CC (MK) and LP^72,116; NB and LP¹²³; SS and GP¹⁵⁸; GGBFS and nSiO₂¹⁰²; LP and nSiO₂¹⁰²; FA and nSiO₂¹⁰²; RHA and GGBFS²⁰⁸; Conventional^{381,383,384,385,386}. Conventional mix data were carefully selected to capture geographical variation and incorporate both lab-scale and commercial formulations, ensuring broad representativeness.