Fig. 6: Fineness properties of various replacement materials used in UHPC. | npj Materials Sustainability

Fig. 6: Fineness properties of various replacement materials used in UHPC.

From: Recent advances in low-carbon ultra-high-performance concrete: materials, mechanisms, and sustainability perspectives

Fig. 6

a Distribution of mean particle size versus specific surface area for a wide range of materials considered for UHPC formulation, shown in comparison with conventional concrete constituents, reproduced from ref. 100. b–e Categorised scatter plots for: b Solid waste-derived materials, data collected from refs. 43,45,53,65,72,94,96,97,116,117,119,197,208,209,220,270,287,373,374; c Mine tailings (industrial solid waste), data collected from refs. 53,109,110; d Natural mineral sources, data collected from refs. 23,72,116,119,243,287; and e Nano-materials and alternative cements, data collected from refs. 119,124,131. Note: All data were compiled from existing literature specifically focussed on UHPC to ensure representativeness. Hence, some materials are not included due to the incomplete or unavailable data, including RM, WBA, CBA, GT, GRT, NB, NP, SSC, CSAC, and nCaCO3. In the plot, the abbreviations SF, PC, QP, and QS stand for silica fume, Portland cement, quartz powder, and quartz sand.

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