Table 2 Observational and model attribution results for 4-day MAM maxima precipitation events in Rio Grande do Sul

From: Climate change and El Niño behind extreme precipitation leading to major floods in southern Brazil in 2024

Model/observations

Threshold for 100-year return period event (mm)

GMST

ENSO

Probability ratio PR

Change in intensity ΔI [%]

Probability ratio PR

Change in intensity ΔI [%]

BR-DWGD

147.8

2.7e + 20 (5.3 … 3.6e + 79)

39 (10 … 74)

6.2 (1.2 … 8.2e + 2)

8.1 (1.2 … 16)

CPC

159.58

1.9 (0.0 … ∞)

5.8 (−33 … 86)

3.2 (1.3 … 51)

11 (3.1 … 23)

MSWEP

161.22

5.0e + 2 (0.00061 … 2.7e + 20)

31 (−18 … 1.1e + 2)

4.9 (1.4 … 2.3e + 2)

11 (3.1 … 22)

GPCC

173.39

6.4e + 3 (0.17 … 3.4e + 17)

39 (−12 … 1.2e + 2)

5.1 (1.2 … 4.0e + 2)

11 (2.7 … 25)

CHIRPS

156.13

∞ (0.0 … ∞)

29 (−23 … 95)

4.6 (0.81 … 8.1e + 2)

6.6 (-0.81 … 16)

CORDEX

CanESM2_rcp85_RCA4 (1)

123.20

5.0e + 2 (0.87 … ∞)

20 (−1.6 … 36)

19 (2.0 … ∞)

12 (6.2 … 19)

GFDL-ESM2M_rcp85_RCA4 (1)

94.88

52 (1.8 … ∞)

32 (5.1 … 68)

4.6 (1.9 … ∞)

13 (6.6 … 22)

HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_RCA4 (1)

80.76

2.1 (0.18 … ∞)

4.1 (−15 … 21)

1.9 (0.74 … ∞)

3.8 (−1.8 … 10)

HadGEM2-ES_rcp85_RegCM4-7 (1)

116.89

65 (0.15 … ∞)

8.4 (−6.5 … 24)

1.4 (0.33 … ∞)

1.1 (−5.4 … 6.8)

MPI-ESM-LR_rcp85_RCA4 (1)

93.82

1.2 (0.25 … 39)

4.4 (−19 … 37)

1.5 (0.70 … 4.3)

7.9 (−5.1 … 22)

MPI-ESM-LR_rcp85_REMO2009 (1)

209.33

2.6 (1.1 … 9.2)

22 (2.7 … 46)

1.1 (0.76 … 1.8)

1.9 (−5.6 … 11)

MPI-ESM-MR_rcp85_RegCM4-7 (1)

154.47

47 (0.90 … ∞)

39 (−1.6 … 93)

2.5 (0.68 … ∞)

9.9 (−3.5 … 30)

NorESM1-M_rcp85_RCA4 (1)

99.44

1.2e + 2 (2.3 … ∞)

32 (8.1 … 59)

2.3 (1.2 … ∞)

6.7 (2.1 … 12)

NorESM1-M_rcp85_RegCM4-7 (1)

130.24

2.1e + 2 (0.16 … ∞)

20 (−11 … 58)

21 (1.8 … ∞)

14 (4.0 … 25)

CMIP

     

EC-Earth3_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

124.37

(0.35 … 15)

2.5 (−12 … 20)

2.1 (1.0 … 5.4)

7.5 (0.42 … 15)

EC-Earth3-CC_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

139.36

2.1 (0.66 … 22)

7.2 (−4.7 … 19)

4.0 (1.9 … 20)

13 (5.9 … 20)

EC-Earth3-Veg-LR_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

113.64

8.0 (0.79 … ∞)

13 (−1.5 … 31)

5.1 (1.6 … 82)

11 (3.3 … 18)

INM-CM4-8_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

91.03

11 (0.77 … ∞)

21 (−2.4 … 51)

0.62 (0.28 … 1.4)

−4.8 (-11 … 2.7)

INM-CM5-0_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

113.86

0.76 (0.092 … 30)

−3.6 (−32 … 33)

1.2 (0.60 … 2.8)

2.7 (−5.1 … 11)

KACE-1-0-G_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

179.00

0.74 (0.25 … 2.5)

−3.8 (−18 … 12)

1.2 (0.71 … 2.0)

2.0 (−3.8 … 8.4)

MIROC6_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

162.77

1.1e + 2 (0.63 … ∞)

28 (−4.5 … 63)

9.6 (2.2 … ∞)

16 (6.5 … 26)

MPI-ESM1-2-HR_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

148.67

0.50 (0.10 … 7.5)

−7.6 (−27 … 16)

2.4 (1.3 … 6.9)

9.5 (2.6 … 17)

MPI-ESM1-2-LR_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

126.27

0.67 (0.13 … 4.1)

−5.1 (-24 … 16)

2.1 (1.2 … 4.4)

9.5 (2.3 … 17)

NESM3_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

111.33

0.87 (0.23 … 4.8)

−1.1 (−10 … 10)

2.5 (0.99 … 21)

6.8 (−0.043 … 13)

NorESM2-LM_ssp585_r1i1p1f1 (1)

108.34

1.4 (0.073 … 1.6e + 2)

3.0 (−23 … 34)

1.8 (0.73 … 6.4)

4.8 (−2.2 … 14)

AM2.5C360 (2)

 

5.5 (0.68 … 5.3e + 2)

11 (-2.4 … 26)

2.4 (1.1 … 9.4)

6.1 (1.1 … 12)

Ensemble member 6

86.47

9.6 (1.6 … 5.3e + 2)

16 (3.5 … 30)

1.4 (0.56 … 5.1)

2.1 (−3.2 … 8.1)

Ensemble member 7

77.49

3.2 (0.30 … 5.0e + 2)

6.8 (−7.8 … 22)

4.2 (2.0 … 17)

10 (5.7 … 15)

FLOR (7)

 

6.0 (0.27 … 6.8e + 3)

9.1 (0.87 … 18)

4.3 (0.86 … 48)

6.9 (4.5 … 9.5)

Ensemble member 1

82.62

1.2e + 2 (4.9 … ∞)

16 (6.7 … 26)

3.8 (1.8 … 13)

5.9 (3.2 … 8.7)

Ensemble member 2

77.95

1.6e + 4 (2.0 … ∞)

11 (2.5 … 21)

34 (5.2 … ∞)

7.8 (5.3 … 10)

Ensemble member 3

78.18

16 (0.93 … ∞)

7.8 (-0.25 … 17)

11 (3.6 … ∞)

7.1 (4.7 … 9.8)

Ensemble member 5

79.13

2.4 (0.79 … 11)

5.8 (-1.5 … 13)

2.5 (1.7 … 6.1)

6.2 (3.9 … 8.6)

Ensemble member 8

78.88

12 (1.2 … ∞)

11 (1.0 … 21)

3.6 (2.1 … 9.1)

5.9 (3.3 … 8.5)

Ensemble member 9

77.34

10 (1.2 … 1.1e + 8)

11 (1.4 … 21)

3.6 (2.2 … 11)

6.6 (4.3 … 9.0)

Ensemble member 10

74.58

4.7 (0.71 … ∞)

5.4 (−1.4 … 13)

14 (3.9 … ∞)

8.3 (6.2 … 11)