Fig. 5: The socioeconomic inequalities in exposure to heatwaves, wildfires, aerosol pollution, and their compound events.

A–G The Lorenz curves and corresponding MGI values. The bar charts above the Lorenz curves display the annual MGI values from 2002 to 2023. Purple, cyan, and gray bars represent significant increasing trends, significant decreasing trends, and insignificant trends in MGI, respectively, as indicated by the linear slope. The values in the bottom right corner show the global interannual trend rate derived from linear regression, along with the results of the MK test, where ↑, ↓, and – denote increasing, decreasing, and no trends, respectively. An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). H The MGI of different hazard events (heatmap) and total MGI of all events (bubble chart) across continents. The abbreviations AS, NA, EU, AF, SA, and OC refer to Asia, North America, Europe, Africa, South America, and Oceania, respectively.